A Pilot Proteomic Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Armand G. Ngounou Wetie
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York, 13699-5810
Search for more papers by this authorKelly L. Wormwood
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York, 13699-5810
Search for more papers by this authorStefanie Russell
SUNY Plattsburgh Neuropsychology Clinic and Psychoeducation Services, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, New York, 12901
Search for more papers by this authorJeanne P. Ryan
SUNY Plattsburgh Neuropsychology Clinic and Psychoeducation Services, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, New York, 12901
Search for more papers by this authorCostel C. Darie
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York, 13699-5810
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Alisa G. Woods
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York, 13699-5810
Address for correspondence and reprints: Alisa G. Woods, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorArmand G. Ngounou Wetie
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York, 13699-5810
Search for more papers by this authorKelly L. Wormwood
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York, 13699-5810
Search for more papers by this authorStefanie Russell
SUNY Plattsburgh Neuropsychology Clinic and Psychoeducation Services, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, New York, 12901
Search for more papers by this authorJeanne P. Ryan
SUNY Plattsburgh Neuropsychology Clinic and Psychoeducation Services, 101 Broad Street, Plattsburgh, New York, 12901
Search for more papers by this authorCostel C. Darie
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York, 13699-5810
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Alisa G. Woods
Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York, 13699-5810
Address for correspondence and reprints: Alisa G. Woods, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry and Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699-5810. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing, with current estimates at 1/68–1/50 individuals diagnosed with an ASD. Diagnosis is based on behavioral assessments. Early diagnosis and intervention is known to greatly improve functional outcomes in people with ASD. Diagnosis, treatment monitoring and prognosis of ASD symptoms could be facilitated with biomarkers to complement behavioral assessments. Mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics may help reveal biomarkers for ASD. In this pilot study, we have analyzed the salivary proteome in individuals with ASD compared to neurotypical control subjects, using MS-based proteomics. Our goal is to optimize methods for salivary proteomic biomarker discovery and to identify initial putative biomarkers in people with ASDs. The salivary proteome is virtually unstudied in ASD, and saliva could provide an easily accessible biomaterial for analysis. Using nano liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we found statistically significant differences in several salivary proteins, including elevated prolactin-inducible protein, lactotransferrin, Ig kappa chain C region, Ig gamma-1 chain C region, Ig lambda-2 chain C regions, neutrophil elastase, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor and deleted in malignant brain tumors 1. Our results indicate that this is an effective method for identification of salivary protein biomarkers, support the concept that immune system and gastrointestinal disturbances may be present in individuals with ASDs and point toward the need for larger studies in behaviorally-characterized individuals. Autism Res 2015, 8: 338–350. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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