Chapter 16
Canalization and Malleability Reconsidered
The Developmental Basis of Phenotypic Stability and Variability
Book Editor(s):Kathryn E. Hood, Carolyn Tucker Halpern,
Gary Greenberg, Richard M. Lerner,
Carolyn Tucker Halpern
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
The Rise of Evolutionary Developmental Biology
-
A Reformulation of Species-Typical Behavior
-
The Significance of Behavioral Malleability
-
The Illustrative Case of Filial Imprinting
-
Further Explorations of the Malleability of Species-Typical Behavior
-
The Organism–Environment System
-
Concluding Remarks
-
References
References
- Abrams, T. W., & Kandel, E. R. (1988). Is contiguity detection in classical conditioning a system or a cellular property? Learning in Aplysia suggests a possible mechanism. Trends in Neurosciences, 11, 128–135.
- Aisner, R., & Terkel, J. (1992). Ontogeny of pine cone opening behaviour in the black rats. Rattus rattus. Animal Behaviour, 214, 327–336.
- Alberch, P. (1982). The generative and regulatory roles of development in evolution. In D. Mossakowski & G. Roth (Eds.), Environmental adaptation and evolution (pp. 19–36). New York: G. Fischer.
- Alberts, J. R. (1994). Learning as adaptation of the infant. Acta Paediatrica, Suppl., 397, 77–85.
- Alberts, J. R., & Cramer, C. P. (1988). Ecology and experience: Sources of means and meaning of developmental change. In E. M. Blass (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 9: Behavioral ecology and developmental psychobiology (pp. 1–39). New York: Plenum Press.
- Amundson, R. (2005). The changing role of the embryo in evolutionary thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Anstey, M. L., Rogers, S. M., Ott, S. R., Burrows, M., & Simpson, S. J. (2009). Serotonin mediates behavioral gregarization underlying swarm formation in desert locusts. Science, 323, 627–630.
- Ariew, A. (1999). Innateness is canalization: In defense of a developmental account of innateness. In V. G. Hardcastle (Ed.), Where biology meets psychology: Philosophical essays (pp. 117–138). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Arthur, W. A. (2002). The emerging conceptual framework of evolutionary developmental biology. Nature, 415, 757–764.
-
Arthur, W. A. (2004). Biased embryos and evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511606830 Google Scholar
-
Avital, E., & Jablonka, E. (2000). Animal traditions: Behavioural inheritance in evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511542251 Google Scholar
- Ayala, F. J., & Valentine, J. W. (1979). Evolving: The theory and progress of organic evolution. California: The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company.
- Banker, H., & Lickliter, R. (1993). Effects of early and delayed visual experience on intersensory development in bobwhite quail chicks. Developmental Psychobiology, 26, 155–170.
- Bateson, P. P. G. (1966). The characteristics and context of imprinting. Biological Reviews, 41, 177–220.
- Bateson, P. P. G., & Reese, E. P. (1969). The reinforcing properties of conspicuous stimuli in the imprinting situation. Animal Behaviour, 17, 692–699.
- Bearhop, S., Fiedler, W., Furness, R. W., Votier, S. C., Waldron, S., Newton, J., et al. (2005). Assortative mating as a mechanism for rapid evolution of a migratory divide. Science, 310, 502–504.
- Bjorklund, D. F. (2006). Mother knows best: Epigenetic inheritance, maternal effects, and the evolution of human intelligence. Developmental Review, 26, 213–242.
- Blumberg, M. S. (2008). Freaks of nature: What anomalies tell us about development and evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Boakes, R., & Panter, D. (1985). Secondary imprinting in the domestic chick blocked by previous exposure to a live hen. Animal Behaviour, 33, 353–365.
- Bolhuis, J. J. (1991). Mechanisms of avian imprinting: A review. Biological Reviews, 66, 303–345.
- Bolhuis, J. J. (1999). Early learning and the development of filial preferences in the chick. Behavioral. Brain Research, 98, 245–252.
- Bolhuis, J. J., & Honey, R. C. (1998). Imprinting, learning and development: From behaviour to brain and back. Trends in Neuroscience, 21, 306–311.
- Bolhuis, J. J., & Johnson, M. H. (1988). Effects of response-contingency and stimulus presentation schedule on imprinting in chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 102, 61–65.
- Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol. 1, New York: Basic Books.
- Brainard, M. S., & Doupe, A. J. (2000). Auditory feedback in learning and maintenance of vocal behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1, 31–40.
- Casey, M. B., & Karpinski, S. (1999). The development of postnatal turning bias is influenced by prenatal visual experience in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus). The Psychological Record, 49, 67–74.
-
Casey, M. B., & Lickliter, R. (1998). Prenatal visual experience influences the development of turning bias in bobwhite quail chicks (Colinus virginianus). Developmental Psychobiology, 32, 327–338.
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199805)32:4<327::AID-DEV7>3.0.CO;2-P CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- ten Cate, C. (1986). Does behavior contingent stimulus movement enhance filial imprinting in Japanese quail? Developmental Psychobiology, 19, 607–614.
- ten Cate, C. (1989). Stimulus movement, hen behaviour and filial imprinting in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Ethology, 82, 287–306.
- ten Cate, C. (2000). How learning mechanisms might affect evolutionary processes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 15, 179–180.
- ten Cate, C., & Bateson, P. (1988). Sexual selection: The evolution of conspicuous characteristics in birds by means of imprinting. Evolution, 42, 1355–1358.
- Clark, M. M., & Galef, B. G. (1977). The role of the physical rearing environment in the domestication of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Animal Behaviour, 25, 298–316.
- Clark, M. M., & Galef, B. G. (1979). A sensitive period for the maintenance of emotionality in the Mongolian gerbil. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 93, 200–210.
- Clark, M. M., & Galef, B. G. (1980). Effects of rearing environment on adrenal weights, sexual development and behavior in gerbils: An examination of Richter's domestication hypothesis. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 94, 857–863.
- Clark, M. M., & Galef, B. G. (1981). Environmental influence on development, behavior, and endocrine morphology of gerbils. Physiology and Behavior, 27, 761–765.
- Darwin, C. (1859). On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London: John Murray.
- Darwin, C. (1868). The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray.
- Davidson, E. H. (2001). Genomic regulatory systems: Development and evolution. New York: Academic Press.
- Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- de Beer, G. R. (1940). Embryos and ancestors. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Denenberg, V. H. (1969). The effects of early experience. In E. S. E. Hafez (Ed.), Behavior of domestic animals ( 2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
- Denenberg, V. H., & Rosenberg, K. M. (1967). Nongenetic transmission of information. Nature, 216, 549–550.
- Deng, C., & Rogers, L. J. (2002). Prehatching visual experience and lateralization of the visual Wulst. Behavioral. Brain Research, 134, 375–385.
- Dickinson, A., & Shanks, D. (1995). Instrumental action and causal representation. In D. Sperber, D. Premack, & A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: A multidisciplinary debate (pp. 5–25). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Dobzhansky, T. (1951). Genetics and the origin of species ( 3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
- Fifer, W. P., & Moon, C. M. (1995). The effects of fetal experience with sound. In J. -P. Lecanuet, W. P. Fifer, N. A. Krasnegor, & W. P. Smotherman (Eds.), Fetal development: A psychobiological perspective (pp. 351–366). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Foushée, R., & Lickliter, R. (2002). Early visual experience affects postnatal auditory responsiveness in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 116, 369–380.
- Freeberg, T. M. (1998). The cultural transmission of courtship patterns in cowbirds. Molothrus ater. Animal Behaviour, 56, 1063–1073.
-
Freeberg, T. M., & White, D. J. (2006). Social traditions and the maintenance and loss of geographic variation in mating patterns of brown-headed cowbirds. International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 19, 206–222.
10.46867/IJCP.2006.19.02.03 Google Scholar
- Freeberg, T. M., King, A. P., & West, M. J. (1995). Social malleability in cowbirds (Molothrus ater artemisiae): Species and mate recognition during the first 2 years of life. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 109, 357–367.
-
Garstang, W. (1922). The theory of recapitulation: A critical re-statement of the biogenetic law. Journal of the Linnean Society of Zoology, 35, 81–101.
10.1111/j.1096-3642.1922.tb00464.x Google Scholar
- Gerhart, J. C., & Kirschner, M. W. (1997). Cells, embryos, and evolution: Toward a cellular and developmental understanding of phenotypic variation and evolutionary adaptability. Boston, MA: Blackwell Science.
- Gilbert, S. F. (2000). Developmental Biology ( 6th ed). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
- Gilbert, S. F. (2005). Mechanisms for the environmental regulation of gene expression: Ecological aspects of animal development. Journal of Biosciences, 30, 65–74.
- Gilbert, S. F., Opitz, J. M., & Raff, R. A. (1996). Reintegrating developmental and evolutionary biology. Developmental Biology, 173, 357–372.
- Goldschmidt, R. B. (1940). The material basis of heredity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Goodwin, B. C. (1994). How the leopard changed its spots: The evolution of complexity. New York: Scribners.
- Gottlieb, G. (1963a). A naturalistic study of imprinting in wood ducklings (Aix sponsa). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 56, 86–91.
- Gottlieb, G. (1963b). “Imprinting” in nature. Science, 139, 497–498.
- Gottlieb, G. (1965). Imprinting in relation to parental and species identification by avian neonates. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 59, 345–356.
- Gottlieb, G. (1970). Conceptions of prenatal behavior. In L. R. Aronson, E. Tobach, D. S. Lehrman, & J. S. Rosenblatt (Eds.), Development and evolution of behavior (pp. 111–137). San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
- Gottlieb, G. (1971a). Ontogenesis of sensory function in birds and mammals. In E. Tobach, L. R. Aronson, & E. Shaw (Eds.), The biopsychology of development (pp. 67–128). New York: Academic Press.
- Gottlieb, G. (1971b). Development of species identification in birds: An enquiry into the prenatal determinants of perception. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
- Gottlieb, G. (1975). Development of species identification in ducklings: II. Experiential prevention of perceptual deficit caused by embryonic auditory deprivation. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 89, 675–684.
- Gottlieb, G. (1987). The developmental basis of evolutionary change. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 101, 262–271.
- Gottlieb, G. (1991a). Social induction of malleability in ducklings. Animal Behaviour, 41, 953–962.
- Gottlieb, G. (1991b). Experiential canalization of behavioral development: Theory. Developmental Psychology, 27, 4–13.
- Gottlieb, G. (1992). Individual development and evolution: The genesis of novel behavior. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Gottlieb, G. (1993). Social induction of malleability in ducklings: Sensory basis and psychological mechanisms. Animal Behaviour, 45, 707–719.
- Gottlieb, G. (1997). Synthesizing nature–nurture: Prenatal roots of instinctive behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Gottlieb, G. (1998). Normally occurring environmental and behavioral influences on gene activity: From central dogma to probabilistic epigenesis. Psychological Review, 105, 792–802.
- Gottlieb, G. (2002). Developmental–behavioral initiation of evolutionary change. Psychological Review, 109, 211–218.
- Gottlieb, G., & Vandenbergh, J. G. (1968). Ontogeny of vocalization in duck and chick embryos. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 168, 307–325.
- Gould, S. J. (1977). Ontogeny and phylogeny. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press.
-
Greenough, W. T., & Chang, F. F. (1989). Plasticity of synapse structure and pattern in the cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 7, 391–399.
10.1007/978-1-4615-6619-9_11 Google Scholar
-
Guiton, P. (1959). Socialization and imprinting in brown leghorn chicks. Animal Behaviour, 7, 26–34.
10.1016/0003-3472(59)90027-2 Google Scholar
- Hale, E. B. (1969). Domestication and the evolution of behavior. In E. S. E. Hafez (Ed.), Behavior of domestic animals ( 2nd ed., pp. 22–42). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
-
Hall, B. K. (1999). Evolutionary developmental biology ( 2nd ed.). Boston: Kluwer.
10.1007/978-94-011-3961-8 Google Scholar
- Hall, B. K., & Olson, W. M. (2003). Keywords and concepts in evolutionary developmental biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Haraway, M. M., & Maples, E. G. (1998). Species-typical behavior. In G. Greenberg, & M. M. Haraway (Eds.), Comparative psychology: A handbook (pp. 191–197). New York: Garland Publishing.
- Harshaw, C., & Lickliter, R. (2007). Interactive and vicarious acquisition of auditory preferences in Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) chicks. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 121, 320–331.
- Harshaw, C., Tourgeman, I. P., & Lickliter, R. (2008). Stimulus contingency and the malleability of species-typical auditory preferences in Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) hatchlings. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 460–472.
- Heaton, M. B., Miller, D. B., & Goodwin, D. G. (1978). Species-specific auditory discrimination in bobwhite quail neonates. Developmental Psychobiology, 11, 13–21.
- Heinroth, O. (1911). Beiträge zur Biologie, namentilich Ethologie und Psychologie der Anatiden. Proceedings of the International Ornithological Congress, 5, 598–702.
- Hess, E. H. (1972). “Imprinting” in a natural laboratory. Scientific American, 227, 24–31.
- Ho, M. W., & Saunders, P. T. (1979). Beyond neo-Darwinism: An epigenetic approach to evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 78, 673–691.
- Jablonka, E., & Lamb, M. J. (1995). Epigenetic inheritance and evolution: The Lamarckian dimension. Oxford University Press.
- Jablonka, E., & Lamb, M. J. (2005). Evolution in four dimensions: Genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic variation in the history of life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Järvilehto, T. (2006). Behavior: Role of genes. In Encyclopedia of life sciences. New York: John. Wiley.
- Johnson, M. H., Bolhuis, J. J., & Horn, G. (1985). Interaction between acquired preferences and developing predispositions during imprinting. Animal Behaviour, 33, 1000–1006.
- Johnson, R. A. (1969). Hatching behavior of the bobwhite. Wilson Bulletin, 81, 79–86.
- Johnston, T. D., & Edwards, L. (2002). Genes, interactions, and the development of behavior. Psychological Review, 109, 26–34.
- Johnston, T. D., & Gottlieb, G. (1981). Visual preferences of imprinted ducklings are altered by the maternal call. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 95, 663–675.
- Johnston, T. D., & Gottlieb, G. (1985). Development of visually controlled maternal preferences in Peking ducklings. Developmental Psychobiology, 18, 23–36.
- Johnston, T. D., & Gottlieb, G. (1990). Neophenogenesis: A developmental theory of phenotypic evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 147, 471–495.
- King, A., Freeberg, T., & West, M. (1996). Social experience affects the process and outcome of vocal ontogeny in two populations of cowbirds. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 110, 276–285.
- Kang, L., Chen, X. Y., Zhou, Y., Zheng, W., Li, R. Q., Wang, J., et al. (2004). The analysis of large-scale gene expression correlated to the phase changes of the migratory locust. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 17611–17615.
-
Kaufman, I. C. (1975). Learning what comes naturally: The role of life experience in the establishment of species-typical behavior. Ethos, 3, 129–142.
10.1525/eth.1975.3.2.02a00040 Google Scholar
- King, J. A. (1968). Species specificity and early experience. In G. Newton, & S. Levine (Eds.), Early experience and behavior (pp. 42–64). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
- King, A. P., & West, M. J. (1977). Species identification in the North American cowbird: Appropriate responses to abnormal song. Science, 195, 1002–1004.
- King, A. P., & West, M. J. (1983). Epigenesis of cowbird song: A joint endeavour of males and females. Nature, 305, 704–706.
- King, A. P., & West, M. J. (1989). Presence of female cowbirds (Molothrus ater ater) affects vocal improvisation in males. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 103, 39–44.
- King, A. P., & West, M. J. (2002). The ontogeny of competence. In D. Lewkowicz, & R. Lickliter (Eds.), Conceptions of development (pp. 77–103). New York: Psychology Press.
- Kirschner, M. W., & Gerhart, J. C. (2005). The plausibility of life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Kuo, Z. -Y. (1967). The dynamics of behavior development. New York: Plenum.
- Levine, S. (1956). A further study of infantile handling and adult avoidance learning. Journal of Personality, 25, 70–80.
- Lehrman, D. S. (1953). A critique of Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinctive behavior. Quarterly Review of Biology, 28, 337–363.
- Lewontin, R. (2000). The triple helix. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Lickliter, R. (1995). Embryonic sensory experience and intersensory development in precocial birds. In J. P. Lecanuet, N. A. Krasnegor, W. Fifer, & W. P. Smotherman (Eds.), Fetal development: A psychobiological perspective (pp. 281–294). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Lickliter, R. (1996). Structured organisms and structured environments: Developmental systems and the construction of learning capacities. In J. Valsiner, & H. G. Voss (Eds.), The structure of learning processes (pp. 86–108). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
- Lickliter, R. (2000). An ecological approach to behavioral development: Insights from comparative psychology. Ecological Psychology, 12, 319–334.
- Lickliter, R. (2005). Prenatal sensory ecology and experience: Implications for perceptual and behavioral development in precocial birds. In P. Slater, J. Rosenblatt, C. Snowden, T. Roper, H. J. Brockmann, & M. Naguib (Eds.), Advances in the Study of Behavior, Vol. 35 (pp. 235–274). New York: Academic Press.
- Lickliter, R. (2008). Theories of attachment: The long and winding road to an integrative developmental science. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 42, 397–405.
- Lickliter, R., & Gottlieb, G. (1985). Social interaction with siblings is necessary for visual imprinting of species-specific maternal preferences in ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 99, 371–379.
- Lickliter, R., & Gottlieb, G. (1987). Retroactive excitation: Posttraining social experience with siblings consolidates maternal imprinting in ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 101, 40–46.
- Lickliter, R., & Harshaw, C. (2008). Prenatal experience, contingency, and the malleability of species-specific auditory preferences. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Developmental Pyschobiology, Washington, DC.
- Lickliter, R., & Hellewell, T. (1992). Contextual determinants of auditory learning in bobwhite quail embryos and hatchlings. Developmental Psychobiology, 25, 17–31.
- Lickliter, R., & Honeycutt, H. (2009). Rethinking epigenesis and evolution in light of developmental science. In M. Blumberg, J. Freeman, & S. Robinson (Eds.), Oxford handbook of developmental behavioral neuroscience (pp. 30–47). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Lickliter, R., & Ness, J. W. (1990). Domestication and comparative psychology: Status and strategy. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 104, 211–218.
- Lickliter, R., & Virkar, P. (1989). Intersensory functioning in bobwhite quail chicks: Early sensory dominance. Developmental Psychobiology, 22, 651–667.
- Lickliter, R., Dyer, A. B., & McBride, T. (1993). Perceptual consequences of early social experience in precocial birds. Behavioural Processes, 30, 185–200.
-
Lorenz, K. (1937). The companion in the bird's world. Auk, 54, 245–273.
10.2307/4078077 Google Scholar
- Maynard-Smith, J., Burian, R., Kaufman, S., Alberch, P., Campbell, J., Goodwin, B., et al. (1985). Developmental constraints and evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology, 60, 265–287.
- Mayr, E. (1982). The growth of biological thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
-
Mayr, E., & Provine, W. B. (1980). The evolutionary synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10.4159/harvard.9780674865389 Google Scholar
- Markham, R., Toth, G., & Lickliter, R. (2006). Prenatally elevated physiological arousal interferes with perceptual learning in bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) embryos. Behavioral Neuroscience, 120, 1315–1325.
- Matsuda, R. (1987). Animal evolution in changing environments, with special reference to abnormal metamorphosis. New York: John Wiley.
-
Michel, G. F., & Moore, C. L. (1995). Developmental psychobiology: An interdisciplinary science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10.7551/mitpress/2392.001.0001 Google Scholar
-
Miller, D. B. (1997). The effects of nonobvious forms of experience on the development of instinctive behavior. In C. Dent-Reed, & P. Zukow-Goldring (Eds.), Evolving explanations of development (pp. 457–507). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10.1037/10265-012 Google Scholar
- Newman, S. A., & Müller, G. B. (2000). Epigenetic mechanisms of character origination. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 288, 304–317.
- Nijhout, H. F. (2003). Development and evolution of adaptive polyphenisms. Evolution & Development, 5, 9–18.
- Norton-Griffiths, M. (1969). The organization, control and development of parental feeding in the oystercatcher. Behaviour, 34, 55–114.
- Oyama, S. (1985). The ontogeny of information: Developmental systems and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Oyama, S. (1993). Constraints and development. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 43, 6–16.
- Payne, R. B., Payne, L. L., Woods, J. L., & Sorenson, M. D. (2000). Imprinting and the origin of parasite-host associations in brood-parasitic indigobirds (Vidua chalybeata). Animal Behaviour, 59, 69–81.
- Pedersen, P. E., & Blass, E. M. (1982). Prenatal and postnatal determinants of the first suckling episode in albino rats. Developmental Psychobiology, 15, 349–355.
- Pigliucci, M. (2007). Do we need an extended evolutionary synthesis? Evolution, 61, 2743–2749.
- Price, E. O. (1999). Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 65, 245–271.
- Price, E. O., & King, J. A. (1968). Domestication and adaptation. In E. S. E. Hafez (Ed.), Adaptation of domestic animals (pp. 34–45). Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.
- Raff, R. A. (2000). Evo-devo: The evolution of a new discipline. Nature Reviews: Genetics, 1, 74–79.
-
Reid, R. G. B. (1985). Evolutionary theory: The unfinished synthesis. Beckenham: Crom Helm.
10.1007/978-1-4615-9787-2 Google Scholar
-
Reid, R. G. B. (2007). Biological emergences: Evolution by natural experiment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10.7551/mitpress/1613.001.0001 Google Scholar
-
Renner, M. J., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1987). Enriched and impoverished environments. Effects on brain and behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
10.1007/978-1-4612-4766-1 Google Scholar
-
Robert, J. S. (2004). Embryology, epigenesis, and evolution: Taking development seriously. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/CBO9780511498541 Google Scholar
-
Rogers, L. J. (1995). The development of brain and behaviour in the chicken. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
10.1079/9780851989242.0000 Google Scholar
- Ronca, A. E., & Alberts, J. R. (1994). Sensory stimuli associated with gestation and parturition evoke cardiac and behavioral responses in fetal rats. Psychobiology, 22, 270–282.
- Rosenzweig, M. R., & Bennett, E. L. (1972). Cerebral changes in rats exposed individually to an enriched environment. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 80, 304–313.
- Rossiter, M. C. (1996). Incidence and consequence of inherited environmental effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 27, 451–476.
- Russell, E. S. (1930). Interpretation of development and heredity. New York: Clarendon Press.
-
Sapp, J. (2003). Genesis: The evolution of biology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195156195.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Schmalhausen, I. I. (1949). Factors of evolution: The theory of stabilizing selection. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Schneirla, T. C. (1956). Interrelationships of the “innate” and “acquired” in instinctive behavior. In P. P. Grasse (Ed.), L'Instinct dans le comportment des animaux et de l'homme (pp. 387–452). Paris: Masson.
- Shank, S. S., & Margoliash, D. (2008). Sleep and sensorimotor integration during early vocal learning in a songbird. Nature, 458, 73–77.
- Shanks, D. R., Pearson, S. M., & Dickinson, A. (1989). Temporal contiguity and the judgment of causality by human subjects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B, 41, 139–159.
- Schneider, S. M., & Harshaw, C. (2007). Whence malleability? Gottlieb's ducklings, operant contingency, and the social manifold. European Journal of Developmental Science, 1, 233–237.
- Siegal, M. L., & Bergman, A. (2002). Waddington's canalization revisited: Developmental stability and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99, 10528–10532.
- Smotherman, W. P., & Robinson, S. R. (1990). The prenatal origins of behavioral organization. Psychological Science, 1, 97–106.
- Spalding, D. A. (1873). Instinct. With original observations on young animals. Macmillan's Magazine. 27, 282–293.
- Spear, N. E. (1984). Ecologically determined dispositions control the ontogeny of learning and memory. In R. Kail, & N. E. Spear (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on the development of memory (pp. 325–358). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Spear, N. E., & McKinzie, D. L. (1994). Intersensory integration in the infant rat. In D. J. Lewkowicz, & R. Lickliter (Eds.), The development of intersensory perception: Comparative perspectives (pp. 133–161). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
-
Sultan, S. E., & Stearns, S. C. (2005). Environmentally contingent variation: Phenotypic plasticity and norms of reaction. In B. K. Hall, & B. Hallgrimsson (Eds.), Variation: A hierarchical examination of a central concept in biology (pp. 303–332). London: Elsevier Academic Press.
10.1016/B978-012088777-4/50016-8 Google Scholar
- Szyf, M., Weaver, I., & Meaney, M. (2007). Maternal care, the epigenome and phenotypic differences in behavior. Reproductive Toxicology, 24, 9–19.
-
Terkel, J. (1996). Cultural transmission of feeding behavior in the black rat (Rattus rattus). In C. M. Heyes, & B. G. Galef, Jr. (Eds.), Social learning in animals: The roots of culture (pp. 17–48). New York: Academic Press.
10.1016/B978-012273965-1/50003-0 Google Scholar
- Thompson, E. (2007). Mind in life: Biology, phenomenology, and the sciences of mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Tuculescu, R. A., & Griswold, J. G. (1983). Prehatching interactions in domestic chickens. Animal Behaviour, 31, 1–10.
- Tyrer, N. M., Turner, J. D., & Altman, J. S. (1984). Identifiable neurons in the locust central nervous system that react with antibodies to serotonin. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 227, 313–330.
- Vince, M. A. (1972). Communication between quail embryos and the synchronization of hatching. In K. H. Voous (Ed.), Proceedings of the XVth International Ornithological Congress (pp. 357–362). Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill.
-
Waddington, C. H. (1942). Canalization of development and the inheritance of acquired characters. Nature, 150, 563–565.
10.1038/150563a0 Google Scholar
- Waddington, C. H. (1975). The evolution of an evolutionist. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Wallace, M. T., & Stein, B. E. (2007). Early experience determines how the senses will interact. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97, 921–926.
- Weaver, I. C., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., et al. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 847–854.
- West, M. J., & King, A. P. (1987). Settling nature and nurture into an ontogenetic niche. Developmental Psychobiology, 20, 549–562.
- West, M. J., & King, A. P. (1988). Female visual displays affect the development of male song in the cowbirds. Nature, 334, 244–246.
-
West, M. J., King, A. P., & Arberg, A. A. (1988). The inheritance of niches: The role of ecological legacies in ontogeny. In E. M. Blass (Ed.), Developmental psychobiology and behavioral ecology (pp. 41–62). New York: Plenum Press.
10.1007/978-1-4684-5421-5_2 Google Scholar
- West, M. J., King, A. P., & Freeberg, T. M. (1994). The nature and nurture of neophenotypes. In L. Real (Ed.), Behavioral mechanisms in evolutionary ecology (pp. 238–257). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- West, M. J., King, A. P., & White, D. J. (2003). The case for developmental ecology. Animal Behaviour, 66, 617–622.
- West-Eberhard, M. J. (1989). Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 20, 249–278.
- West-Eberhard, M. J. (2003). Developmental plasticity and evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
- White, D. J., King, A. P., & West, M. J. (2002). Plasticity in adult development: Experience with young males enhances mating competence in adult male cowbirds (Molothrus ater). Behaviour, 139, 713–728.
-
Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01258.x Google Scholar
-
Wimsatt, W. C. (1986). Developmental constraints, generative entrenchment, and the innate–acquired distinction. In B. W. Bechtel (Ed.), Integrating scientific disciplines (pp. 185–208). Dordrecht: Martinus-Nijhoff.
10.1007/978-94-010-9435-1_11 Google Scholar
