Chapter 19
Origins, Evolution, and Dispersal of Early Members of the Genus Homo
G. Philip Rightmire,
G. Philip Rightmire
Research Associate Professor Fellow
Binghamton University (SUNY), USA
Search for more papers by this authorG. Philip Rightmire,
G. Philip Rightmire
Research Associate Professor Fellow
Binghamton University (SUNY), USA
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Clark Spencer Larsen,
Clark Spencer Larsen
Distinguished Professor Chair Fellow Chair-Elect vice president
The Ohio State University, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Introduction
-
Early Homo in Africa
-
Homo Erectus in Africa and the Far East
-
Discoveries at Dmanisi
-
Questions Concerning the Origins of Homo erectus
-
Speciation in the Middle Pleistocene?
-
Acknowledgments
-
References
REFERENCES
- Aiello, L. C., and Dean, M. C. (1990) An Introduction to Human Evolutionary Anatomy. London: Academic Press.
- Aiello, L.C., and Wheeler, P. (1995) The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis: The Brain and Digestive System in Human and Primate Evolution. Current Anthropology 36: 199–221.
- Aiello, L. C., Wood, B., Key, C., and Wood, C. (1998) Laser Scanning and Paleoanthropology: An Example from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. In E. Strasser, J. Fleagle, A. Rosenberger, and H. McHenry (eds), Primate Locomotion: Recent Advances (pp. 223–236). New York: Plenum Press.
- Antón, S. (2003) Natural History of Homo erectus. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 46: 126–170.
- Asfaw, B., Gilbert, W. H., Beyene, Y., Hart, W. K., Renne, P. R., WoldeGabriel, G., Vrba, E., and White, T. D. (2002) Remains of Homo erectus from Bouri, Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 416: 317–320.
- Barrickman, N. L., Bastian, M. L., Isler, K., and van Schaik, C. P. (2008) Life History Costs and Benefits of Encephalization: A Comparative Test Using Data from Long-Term Studies of Primates in the Wild. Journal of Human Evolution 54: 568–590.
- Blumenschine, R. J., Peters, C. R., Masao, F. T., Clarke, R. J., Deino, A. L., Hay, R. L., Swisher, C. C., Stanistreet, I. G., Ashley, G. M., McHenry, L. J., Sikes, N. E., van der Merwe, N. J., Tactikos, J. C., Cushing, A. E., Deocampo, D. M., Njau, J. K., and Ebert, J. I. (2003) Late Pliocene Homo and Hominid Land Use from Western Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Science 299: 1217–1221.
- Bramble, D. M., and Lieberman, D. E. (2004) Endurance Running and the Evolution of Homo. Nature 432: 345–352.
- Bromage, T. G., Schrenk, F., and Zonnefeld, F. W. (1995) Paleoanthropology of the Malawi Rift: An Early Hominid Mandible from the Chiwondo Beds, Northern Malawi. Journal of Human Evolution 28: 71–108.
-
Brown, B., and Walker, A. (1993) The Dentition. In A. Walker and R. Leakey (eds), The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton (pp. 161–192). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
10.1007/978-3-662-10382-1_8 Google Scholar
- Coqueugniot, H., Hublin, J. J., Veillon, F., Houët, F., and Jacob, T. (2004) Early Brain Growth in Homo erectus and Implications for Cognitive Ability. Nature 431: 299–302.
- Dean, M. C. (2006) Tooth Microstructure Tracks the Pace of Human Life-History Evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273: 2799–2808.
- Dean, M. C., Leakey, M. G., Reid, D. J., Schrenk, F., Schwartz, G. T., Stringer, C., and Walker, A. (2001) Growth Processes in Teeth Distinguish Modern Humans from Homo erectus and Earlier Hominins. Nature 414: 628–631.
- Dennell, R. (2003) Dispersal and Colonization, Long and Short Chronologies: How Continuous is the Early Pleistocene Record for Hominids Outside East Africa? Journal of Human Evolution 45: 421–440.
- Dennell, R., and Roebroeks, W. (2005) An Asian Perspective on Early Human Dispersal from Africa. Nature 438: 1099–1104.
- DeSilva, J., and Lesnik, J. (2006) Chimpanzee Neonatal Brain Size: Implications for Brain Growth in Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution 51: 207–212.
- Feibel, C. S., Brown, F. H., and McDougall, I. (1989) Stratigraphic Context of Fossil Hominids from the Omo Group Deposits, Northern Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78: 595–622.
- Gabunia, L., de Lumley, M. A., Vekua, A., Lordkipanidze, D., and de Lumley, H. (2002) Découverte d'un nouvel hominidé a Dmanissi (Transcaucasie, Géorgie). Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 243–253.
- Gathogo, P. N., and Brown, F. H. (2006) Revised Stratigraphy of Area 123, Koobi Fora, Kenya, and New Age Estimates of its Fossil Mammals, Including Hominins. Journal of Human Evolution 51: 472–479.
- Haeusler, M., and McHenry, H. M. (2004) Body Proportions of Homo habilis Reviewed. Journal of Human Evolution 46: 433–465.
-
Howell, F. C. (1978) Hominidae. In V. J. Maglio and H. B. S. Cooke (eds), Evolution of African Mammals (pp. 154–248). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
10.4159/harvard.9780674431263.c11 Google Scholar
- Howell, F. C. (1999) Paleo-Demes, Species Clades, and Extinctions in the Pleistocene Hominin Record. Journal of Anthropological Research 55: 191–243.
- Hublin, J. J., and Coqueugniot, H. (2006) Absolute or Proportional Brain Size: That Is the Question. A Reply to Leigh's (2006) Comments. Journal of Human Evolution 50: 109–113.
- Johanson, D. C., Masao, F. T., Eck, G. G., White, T. D., Walter, R. C., Kimbel, W. H., Asfaw, B., Manega, P., Ndessokia, P., and Suwa, G. (1987) New Partial Skeleton of Homo habilis from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Nature 327: 205–209.
-
Kimbel, W. H., Johanson, D. C., and Rak, Y. (1997) Systematic Assessment of a Maxilla of Homo from Hadar, Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 103: 235–262.
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199706)103:2<235::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-S CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Kimbel, W. H., Rak, Y., and Johanson, D. C. (2004) The Skull of Australopithecus afarensis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Kimbel, W. H., Walter, R. C., Johanson, D. C., Reed, K. E., Aronson, J. L., Assefa, Z., Marean, C. W., Eck, G. G., Bobe, R., Hovers, E., Rak, Y., Vondra, C., Yemane, T., York, D., Chen, Y., Evensen, N. M., and Smith, P. E. (1996) Late Pliocene Homo and Oldowan Tools from the Hadar Formation (Kada Hadar Member), Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 31: 549–561.
- Larick, R., Ciochon, R. L., Zaim, Y., Sudijono, Suminto, Rizal, Y., Aziz, F., Reagan, M., and Heizler, M. (2001) Early Pleistocene 40Ar/39Ar Ages for Bapang Formation Hominins, Central Jawa, Indonesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98: 4866–4871.
- Leakey, L. S. B., Tobias, P. V., and Napier, J. R. (1964) A New Species of the Genus Homo from Olduvai Gorge. Nature 202: 7–9.
- Lee, S. H. (2005) Is Variation in the Cranial Capacity of the Dmanisi Sample Too High to Be from a Single Species? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 127: 263–266.
- Le Gros Clark, W. E. (1964) The Fossil Evidence for Human Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Leigh, S. R. (2006) Brain Ontogeny and Life History in Homo erectus. Journal of Human Evolution 50: 104–108.
- Lewis, O. J. (1989) Functional Morphology of the Evolving Hand and Foot. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Lieberman, D. E., Wood, B. A., and Pilbeam, D. R. (1996) Homoplasy and Early Homo: An Analysis of the Evolutionary Relationships of Homo habilis sensu stricto and H. rudolfensis. Journal of Human Evolution 30: 97–120.
- Lordkipanidze, D., Jashashvili, T., Vekua, A., Ponce de Leon, M. S., Zollikofer, C. P. E., Rightmire, G. P., Pontzer, H., Ferring, R., Oms, O., Tappen, M., Bukhsianidze, M., Agusti, J., Kahlke, R., Kiladze, G., Martinez-Navarro, B., Mouskhelishvili, A., Nioradze, M., and Rook, L. (2007) Postcranial Evidence from Early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature 449: 305–310.
- Lordkipanidze, D., Vekua, A., Ferring, R., Rightmire, G. P., Agusti, J., Kiladze, G., Mouskhelishvili, A., Nioradze, M., Ponce de Leon, M. S., Tappen, M., and Zollikofer, C. (2006) A Fourth Hominin Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia. The Anatomical Record 288A: 1146–1157.
- McHenry, H. M., and Coffing, K. (2000) Australopithecus to Homo: Transformations in Body and Mind. Annual Review of Anthropology 29: 125–146.
- Potts, R., Behrensmeyer, A. K., Deino, A., Ditchfield, P., and Clark, J. (2004) Small Mid-Pleistocene Hominin Associated with East African Acheulean Technology. Science 305: 75–78.
- Rightmire, G. P. (1990) The Evolution of Homo erectus. Comparative Anatomical Studies of an Extinct Human Species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Rightmire, G. P. (1993) Variation among Early Homo Crania from Olduvai Gorge and the Koobi Fora Region. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90: 1–33.
- Rightmire, G. P. (2004) Brain Size and Encephalization in Early to Mid-Pleistocene Homo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106: 61–85.
- Rightmire, G. P., Lordkipanidze, D., and Vekua, A. (2006) Anatomical Descriptions, Comparative Studies and Evolutionary Significance of the Hominin Skulls from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia. Journal of Human Evolution 50: 115–141.
- Rightmire, G. P., Van Arsdale, A.P., and Lordkipanidze, D. (2008) Variation in the Mandibles from Dmanisi, Georgia. Journal of Human Evolution 54: 904–908.
- Ruff, C. B. (2007) Body Size Prediction from Juvenile Skeletal Remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133: 698–716.
-
Ruff, C. B., and Walker, A. (1993) Body Size and Body Shape. In A. Walker and R. Leakey (eds), The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton (pp. 234–265). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
10.1007/978-3-662-10382-1_11 Google Scholar
-
Schrenk, F., Kullmer, O., and Bromage, T. (2007) The Earliest Putative Homo Fossils. In W. Henke and I. Tattersall (eds), Handbook of Paleoanthropology, Vol. 3: Phylogeny of Hominids (pp. 1611–1631). Berlin: Springer.
10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_52 Google Scholar
-
Schwartz, J. H., and Tattersall, I. (2003) The Human Fossil Record, Vol. 1: Terminology and Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Europe). New York: Wiley–Liss.
10.1002/0471722715 Google Scholar
- Simpson, S. W., Quade, J., Levin, N. E., Butler, R., Dupont-Nivet, G., Everett, M., and Semaw, S. (2008) A Female Homo erectus Pelvis from Gona, Ethiopia. Science 322: 1089–1092.
- Skinner, M. M., Gordon, A. D., and Collard, N. J. (2006) Mandibular Size and Shape Variation in the Hominins at Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia. Journal of Human Evolution 51: 36–49.
-
Smith, B. H. (1993) The Physiological Age of KNM-WT 15000. In A. Walker and R. Leakey (eds), The Nariokotome Homo erectus Skeleton (pp. 195–220). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
10.1007/978-3-662-10382-1_9 Google Scholar
- Sokal, R. R., and Braumann, C. A. (1980) Significance Tests for Coefficients of Variation and Variability Profiles. Systematic Zoology 29: 50–66.
- Spoor, F., Leakey, M. G., Gathogo, P. N., Brown, F. H., Antón, S. C., McDougall, I., Kairie, C., Manthi, F.K., and Leakey, L. N. (2007) Implications of New Early Homo Fossils from Ileret, East of Lake Turkana, Kenya. Nature 448: 688–891.
- Strait, D. S., Grine, F. E., and Moniz, M. A. (1997) A Reappraisal of Early Hominid Phylogeny. Journal of Human Evolution 32: 17–82.
- Susman, R. L. (2008) Brief Communication: Evidence Bearing on the Status of Homo habilis at Olduvai Gorge. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137: 356–361.
- Susman, R. L., and Stern, J. T. (1982) Functional Morphology of Homo habilis. Science 217: 931–934.
- Swisher, C. C., Scott, G. R., Curtis, G. H., Butterworth, J., Antón, S. C., Jacob, T., Suprijo, A., Widiasmoro, S., and Koeshardjono (1998) The Antiquity of Homo erectus in Java: 40Ar/39Ar Dating and Paleomagnetic Study of the Sangiran Area. Sun City: Dual Congress 1998 (abstract).
- Tobias, P. V. (1991) Olduvai Gorge, Vol. 4: The Skulls, Endocasts and Teeth of Homo habilis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wood, B. (1991) Koobi Fora Research Project, Vol. 4: Hominid Cranial Remains. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Wood, B. (1992) Origin and Evolution of the Genus Homo. Nature 355: 783–790.
- Wood, B., and Collard, M. (1999) The Human Genus. Science 284: 65–71.
- Wood, B., and Lieberman, D. E. (2001) Craniodental Variation in Paranthropus boisei: A Developmental and Functional Perspective. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 116: 13–25.
- Yokoyama, Y., Falgueres, C., Semah, F., Jacob, T., and Grün, R. (2008) Gamma-Ray Spectro-metric Dating of Late Homo erectus Skulls from Ngandong and Sambungmacan, Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Human Evolution 55: 274–277.
- Zhu, R., Potts, R., Xie, F., Hoffman, K. A., Deng, C. L., Shi, C. D., Pan, Y. X., Wang, H.Q., Shi, R. P., Wang, Y. C., Shi, G. H., and Wu, N. Q. (2004) New Evidence on the Earliest Human Presence at High Northern Latitudes in Northeast China. Nature 431: 559–562.
