Catheter-Based Mitral Valvuloplasty
Prafulla G. Kerkar MD
Professor Head
Department of Cardiology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
Search for more papers by this authorMilind S. Phadke MD
Senior Registrar
Department of Cardiology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
Search for more papers by this authorPrafulla G. Kerkar MD
Professor Head
Department of Cardiology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
Search for more papers by this authorMilind S. Phadke MD
Senior Registrar
Department of Cardiology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
Search for more papers by this authorJürgen Haase MD, PhD, FESC, FACC
Professor of Medicine Consultant Cardiologist
Kardiocentrum Frankfurt, Klinik Rotes Kreuz, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHans-Joachim Schäfers MD, PhD
Professor of Surgery Chair
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorHorst Sievert MD, FESC, FACC
Professor of Medicine Head
Department of Cardiology, CardioVascular Center Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
Search for more papers by this authorRon Waksman MD, FACC
Professor of Medicine Associate Director Director
Division of Cardiology, Washington, DC, USA
Experimental Cardiology, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains sections titled:
-
Historical background
-
Morphology and pathophysiology
-
Indications
-
Technique
-
Results
-
Complications
-
Catheter-based mitral valvuloplasty in special situations
-
Conclusion
-
Acknowledgments
-
References
References
- Brunton L (1902) Preliminary note on the possibility of treating mitral stenosis by surgical methods. Lancet 1: 352.
- Bland EF (1952) Surgery for mitral stenosis. Circulation 5: 290–299.
- Harken DE, Ellis LB, Ware PF, et al. (1948) The surgical treatment of mitral stenosis. N Engl J Med 239: 801–809.
- Westaby S & Bosher C (1998) Development of Surgery in Valvular heart Disease. In: Westaby S & Bosher C (ed.). Landmarks in Cardiac Surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 180.
- Inoue K, Owaki T, Nakamura T, et al. (1984) Clinical application of transvenous mitral commissurotomy by a new balloon catheter. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 87: 394–402.
- Lock JE, Khalilullah M, Shrivastava S, et al. (1985) Percutaneous catheter commissurotomy in rheumatic mitral stenosis. N Engl J Med 313: 1515–1518.
- Al Zaibag M, Ribeiro PA, Al Kasab S, et al. (1986) Percutaneous double-balloon mitral valvotomy for rheumatic mitral valve stenosis. Lancet 1: 757–761.
- Babic UU, Pejcic P, Djurisic Z, et al. (1986) Percutaneous transarterial balloon valvuloplasty for mitral valve stenosis. Am J Cardiol 57: 1101–1104.
- Stefanidis C, Stratos C, Pitsavos C, et al. (1992) Retrograde non-transseptal balloon mitral valvuloplasty: immediate and long-term follow up. Circulation 85: 1760–1767.
- Kerkar P, Lokhandwala Y, & Vora A (1994) A simple technique to cross mitral valve during percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 31: 161–162.
- Bonhoeffer P, Piechaud JF, Sidi D, et al. (1995) Mitral dilatation with the Multi-Track system: an alternative approach. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 36: 189–193.
- Cribier A, Lath PC, & Letac B (1997) Percutaneous mitral valvotomy with a metal dilator. Lancet 349: 1667.
- Joseph G, George OK, Mandalay A, et al. (2002) Transjugular approach to balloon mitral valvuloplasty helps overcome impediments caused by anatomical alterations. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 57: 353–362.
- Bland EF & Jones TD (1951) Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease Circulation 4: 836.
- Roberts WC & Perloff JK (1972) Mitral valvular disease. Ann Intern Med 77: 939.
- Wilkins GT, Weyman AE, Abascal LM, Block PC, & Palacios IF (1988) Percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. Br Heart J 60: 299–308.
- Kaplan JD, Isner JM, Karas RH, et al. (1987) In vitro analysis of balloon valvuloplasty of stenotic mitral valves. Am J Cardiol 59: 318–323.
- Block PC, Palacios IL, Jacobs ML, et al. (1987) Mechanism of percutaneous mitral valvotomy. Am J Cardiol 59: 178–179.
- Reifart N, Nowak B, Baykut D, et al. (1990) Experimental balloon valvuloplasty of fibrotic and calcific mitral valves. Circulation 81: 1005–1011.
- Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al. (2006) ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 114: e84–231.
- Vahanian A, Baumgartner H, Bax J, et al. (2007) Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease: The Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 28: 230–268.
- Silaruks S, Thinkhamrop B, Kiatchoosakun S, et al. (2004) Resolution of left atrial thrombus after 6 months of anticoagulation in candidates for percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. Ann Intern Med 140: 101–105.
- Padial LR, Abascal VM, Moreno PR, et al. (1999) Echocardiography can predict the development of severe mitral regurgitation after percutaneous mitral valvulotomy by the Inoue technique. Am J Cardiol 83: 1210–1213.
- Clugston R, Lau FY, & Ruis C (1992) Transseptal catheterization update 1992. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 26: 266–274.
- Rocha P, Berland j, Rigaud M, et al. (1991) Fluoroscopic guidance in transseptal catheterization in percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 23: 172–176.
- Doorey A & Goldenburg EM (1991) Transseptal catheterization in adults: enhanced efficacy and safety in low volume operators using a non-standard technique. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 24: 166–172.
- Hung JS (1992) Atrial septal puncture technique in percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy: mitral valvuloplasty using the Inoue balloon catheter technique. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 26: 275–284.
- Hung J & Lau K (2006) Trans-septal access in Inoue-balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Indian Heart J 58: 463–465.
- Inoue K, Lau KW, & Jung KS (2002) Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. In: Grech ED & Ramsdale DR. Practical Interventional Cardiology, 2nd edn. London, UK: Martin Dunitz Ltd, p. 373.
- Mullins CE (1983) Transseptal left heart catheterization: experience with a new technique in 520 pediatric and adult patients. Pediatr Cardiol 4: 239–246.
- Dalvi B, Vora A, & Kerkar P (1992) Radio-opaque tipped Mullins sheath. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 27: 244–245.
- Kerkar PG, Vora AM, Sivaraman A, et al. (1994) Balloon mitral commissurotomy complicated by fatal pericardial tamponade due to “Atrial Stitch”. J Inv Cardiol 6: 17–20.
-
Hung JS & Lau KW (1996) Pitfalls and tips in Inoue balloon mitral commissurotomy. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 37: 188–199.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0304(199602)37:2<188::AID-CCD19>3.0.CO;2-G CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
-
Babaliaros VC, Green JT, Lerakis S, et al. (2008) Emerging applications for transseptal left heart catheterization: old techniques for new procedures. J Am Coll Cardiol 51: 2116–2122.
10.1016/j.jacc.2008.01.061 Google Scholar
- Green NE, Hansgen AR, & Carroll JD (2004) Initial clinical experience with intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) in guiding balloon mitral valvuloplasty: technique, safety, utility & limitations. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 63: 385–394.
- Cafri C, de la Guardia B, Barasch E, et al. (2000) Transseptal puncture guided by intracardiac echocardiography during percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy in patients with distorted anatomy of the fossa ovalis Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 50: 463–467.
- Cheng A & Calkins H (2007) A conservative approach to performing transseptal punctures without the use of intracardiac echocardiography: stepwise approach with real-time video clips. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 18: 686–689.
- Sherman W, Lee P, Hartley A, & Love B (2005) Transatrial septal catheterization using a new radiofrequency probe Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 66: 14–17.
- Elagha AA, Kim AH, Kocaturk O, & Lederman RJ (2007) Blunt atrial transseptal puncture using excimer laser in swine. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 70: 585–590.
- Vahanian A, Iung B, & Cormier B (2003). Mitral Valvuloplasty. In Topol EJ (ed.). Textbook of Interventional Cardiology. 4th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier, pp. 921–940.
- Vora A, Kerkar P, Kulkarni H, et al. (1995) Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty by the retrograde (babic) technique in a patient with inferior vena cava stenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 36: 291–292.
- Holmes D (1992) Trans-septal catheterization 1992: it is here to stay. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn 26: 264–265.
- Himbert D, Brochet E, Iung B, et al. (2008) State-of-the-art nonvascular interventions: mitral valvuloplasty. J Invasive Cardiol 20: e114–119.
- Kang DS, Park SW, Song JK, et al. (2000) Long-term clinical and echocardiographic outcome of percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty: randomized comparison of Inoue and double-balloon techniques. J Am Coll Cardiol 35: 169–175.
- Chen CR, Huang ZD, Lo ZX, et al. (1990) Comparison of single rubber-nylon balloon and double polyethylene balloon valvuloplasty in 94 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Am Heart J 119: 102–111.
- Bassand JP, Schiele F, Bernard Y, et al. (1991) the double balloon and Inoue techniques in percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty: comparative results in a series of 232 cases. J Am Coll Cardiol 18: 982–989.
- Riberio PA, Fawzy ME, Arafat MA, et al. (1991) Comparison of mitral valve area results of balloon mitral valvotomy using the Inoue and double balloon techniques. Am J Cardiol 68: 687–688.
- Fernandez Ortiz A, Macaya C, Afonso F, et al. (1992) Mono versus double-balloon technique for commissural splitting after percutaneous mitral valvotomy. Am J Cardiol 69: 1100–1101.
- Ruiz CE, Zhang HP, Macaya C, et al. (1992) Comparison of Inoue single balloon versus double balloon technique for percutaneous mitral valvotomy. Am Heart J 123: 942–947.
- Rihal CS & Holmes DR (1994) Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty: issues involved in comparing techniques. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn 2: 35–41.
- Kerkar PG, Vora AM, & Sethi JP (1994) Unusual tear in Inoue balloon during percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in a patient with calcific mitral stenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 31: 127–129.
- Cribier A, Eltchanikoff M, Carloff R, et al. (2000) Percutaneous mechanical mitral commissurotomy with the metallic valvulotome: detailed technical aspects and overview of the results of the multicenter registry on 882 patients. J Int Cardiol 13: 255–262.
- Bhat A, Harikrishnan S, Tharakan JM, et al. (2002) Comparison of percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy with Inoue balloon technique and metallic commissurotomy: immediate and short-term follow-up results of a randomized study. Am Heart J 144: 1074–1080.
- Harikrishnan S, Nair K, Tharakan JM, et al. (2006) Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy in juvenile mitral stenosis—comparison of long term results of Inoue balloon technique and metallic commissurotomy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 67: 453–459.
- Zaki AM, Kasem HH, Bakhoum S, et al. (2002) Comparison of early results of percutaneous metallic mitral commissurotome with Inoue balloon technique in patients with high mitral echocardiographic scores. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv 57: 312–317.
- Thomas JD, Wilkins GT, Choong CY, et al. (1988) Inaccuracy of mitral pressure half-time immediately after percutaneous mitral valvotomy—dependence on transmitral gradient and left atrial and left ventricular compliance. Circulation 78: 980–993.
- Sunil Roy TN, Krishnan MN, Koshy C, et al. (2005) Comparison of proximal isovelocity surface area method and pressure half time method for evaluation of mitral valve area in patients undergoing balloon mitral valvotomy. Echocardiography 22: 707–712.
- Iung B, Cormier B, Ducimetiere P, et al. (1996) Immediate results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy. A predictive model on a series of 1514 patients. Circulation 94: 2124–2130.
- Arora R, Singh Kalra G, Ramachandra Murty GS, et al. (1994) Percutaneous transatrial mitral commissurotomy: immediate and intermediate results. J Am Coll Cardiol 23: 1327–1332.
- Chen CR & Cheng TO (1995) Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty by the Inoue technique: a multicenter study of 4832 patients in China. Am Heart J 129: 1197–1202.
- Neumayer U, Schmidt HK, Fassbender D, et al. (2002) Early (three-month) results of percutaneous mitral valvotomy with the Inoue balloon in 1123 consecutive patients comparing various age groups. Am J Cardiol 90: 190–193.
- Tuzcu EM, Block PC, Griffin BP, et al. (1992) Immediate and long-term outcome of percutaneous mitral valvotomy in patients 65 years and older. Circulation 85: 963–971.
- Mishra S, Narang R, Sharma M, et al. (2001) Percutaneous transseptal mitral commissurotomy in pregnant women with critical mitral stenosis. Indian Heart J 53: 192–196.
- Iung B, Nicoud-Houel A, Fondard O, et al. (2004) Temporal trends in percutaneous mitral commissurotomy over a 15-year period. Eur Heart J 25: 702–708.
- Palacios IF (1994) Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy for patients with mitral stenosis. Curr Opin Cardiol 9: 164–175.
- Feldman T (1994) Hemodynamic results, clinical outcome, and complications of Inoue balloon mitral valvotomy. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 2: 2–7.
- Turi ZG, Reyes VP, Raju BS, et al. (1991) Percutaneous balloon versus surgical closed commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. A prospective, randomized trial. Circulation 83: 1179–1185.
- Reyes BP, Raju BS, Wynne J, et al. (1994) Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty compared with open surgical commissurotomy for mitral stenosis. N Engl J Med 331: 961.
- Fatkin D, Roy, Morgan J, et al. (1993) Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy with the Inoue single balloon catheter: commissural morphology as a determinant of outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 390–397.
- Reid CL, Otto CM, & Davis KB (1992) Influence of mitral valve morphology on mitral balloon commissurotomy: immediate and six-month results from the NHLBI Balloon Valotomy Registry. Am Heart J 124: 657–665.
- Palacios IF, Tuzcu ME, Weyman AE, et al. (1995) Clinical follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Circulation 91: 671–676.
- Herrmann HC, Ramaswamy K, Isner JM, et al. (1992) Factors influencing immediate results, complications, and short-term follow-up status after Inoue balloon mitral valvotomy: a North-American multicenter study. Am Heart J 124: 160–166.
- Valentini P, Vegni FE, & Nihoyannopoulos P (2002) Age, a predictive factor for the reduction in the mean transmitral pressure gradient after percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy. Ital Heart J 3: 462–466.
- Dean LS, Mickel M, Bonan R, et al. (1996) Four-year follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy. A report from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Balloon Valvuloplasty Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 28: 145.
- Leon MN, Harrell LC, Simosa HF, et al. (1999) Mitral balloon valvotomy for patients with mitral stenosis in atrial fibrillation: immediate and long-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol 34: 1145–1152.
- Sanchez PL, Harrell LC, Salas RE, et al. (2001) Learning curve of the Inoue technique of percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty. Am J Cardiol 88: 662–667.
- Iung B, Cormier B, Ducimetiere P, et al. (1996) Immediate results of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy. Circulation 94: 2124–2130.
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Balloon Valvuloplasty Registry. (1992) Complications and mortality of percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy. Circulation 85: 2014–2024.
- Lokhandwala Y, Banker D, Vora M, et al. (1998) Emergent balloon mitral valvotomy in patients presenting with cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock or refractory pulmonary edema. J Am Coll Cardiol (1998) 32: 154–158.
- Fawzy M (2007) Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 69: 313–321.
- Kaul UA, Singh S, Kalra GS, et al. (2000) Mitral regurgitation following percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy: a single-center experience. J Heart Valve Dis 9: 262–266; discussion 266–268.
- Hernandez R, Macaya C, Banuelos C, et al. (1992) Predictors, mechanisms and outcome of severe mitral regurgitation complicating percutaneous mitral valvotomy with the Inoue balloon. Am J Cardiol 70: 1169–1174.
- Hermann HC, Lima JA, Feldman T, et al. (1993) Mechanisms and outcome of severe mitral regurgitation after Inoue balloon valvuloplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 22: 783–789.
- Varma PK, Theodore S, Neema PK, et al. (2005) Emergency surgery after percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy: operative versus echocardiographic findings, mechanisms of complications, and outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130: 772–776.
- Deshpande J, Vaideeswar P, Sivaraman J, et al. (1995) Balloon mitral valvotomy: an autopsy study. Int J Cardiol 52: 67–76.
- Cannan C, Nishimura R, Reeder G, et al. (1997) Echocardiographic assessment of commissural calcium: a simple predictor of outcome after percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy. J Am Coll Cardiol 29: 175–180.
- Tempe D, Gupta B, Banerjee A, et al. (2004) Surgical interventions in patients undergoing percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy: a retrospective analysis of anesthetic considerations. Ann Cardiac Anesth 7: 129–136.
- Zeng Z, Fang Y, & Fu H (1999) Clinical analysis of percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy in 1063 patients. Hua Xi Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 30: 85–87.
-
Joseph G, Chandy ST, & Krishnaswami S (1997) Mechanisms of cardiac perforation leading to tamponade in balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn 42: 138–146.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0304(199710)42:2<138::AID-CCD9>3.0.CO;2-E CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Palacios IF, Block PC, Wilkins GT et al. (1989) Follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Circulation 79: 573–579.
- O'Shea JP, Abascal VM, & Marshall JE (1988) Long term persistence of atrial septal defect following percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty a doppler-echocardiographic follow-up study. Circulation 78(Suppl. 2): 2–1. Abstract.
- Yoshida K, Yoshikawa J, Akasaka T, et al. (1989) Assessment of left-to-right atrial shunting after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty by transoesophageal color doppler flow-mapping. Circulation 80: 1521–1526.
- Fawzy ME, Fadel B, Al Sergani H, et al. (2007) Long-term results (up to 16.5 years) of mitral balloon valvuloplasty in a series of 518 patients and predictors of long-term outcome. J Interv Cardiol 20: 66–72.
- Harrison JK, Wilson JS, Hearne SE, & Bashore TM (1994) Complications related to percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn (Suppl. 2): 52–60.
- Carroll JD & Feldman T (1993) Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy and the new demographics of mitral stenosis. JAMA 270: 1731–1736.
- Cequier A, Bonan R, Serra A, et al. (1990) Left to right atrial shunting after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Circulation 81: 1190–1197.
- Goldberg N, Roman CF, & Cha SD (1989) Right to left interatrial shunting following balloon mitral valvuloplasty. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 16: 133–135.
- Nakao M, Ch'ng JK, & Sin YK (2008) Acquired right-to-left shunt through an atrial septal perforation with cyanosis after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 135: 690–691.
- Harikrishnan S, Titus T, Tharakan JN (2005) Septal defects after percutaneous mitral valvotomy—all are not innocent. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 18: 183–184.
- Rocha P, Quanadli S, Strumza P, et al. (1999) Brain “embolism” detected by magnetic resonance imaging during percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 22: 268–273.
- Shaw TR, Sutaria N, Prendergast GB (2003) Clinical and haemodynamic profiles of young, middle aged, and elderly patients with mitral stenosis undergoing mitral balloon valvotomy. Heart 89: 1430–1436.
- Fawzy ME, Shoukri M, Al Buraiki J, et al. (2007) Seventeen years' clinical and echocardiographic follow up of mitral balloon valvuloplasty in 520 patients, and predictors of long-term outcome. J Heart Valve Dis 16: 454–460.
- Orrange SE, Kawanishi DT, Lopez BM, et al. (1997) Actuarial outcome after catheter balloon commissurotomy in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation 95: 382–389.
- Pan M, Medina A, Suarez de Lezo J, et al. (1993) Factors determining late success after mitral balloon valvulotomy. Am J Cardiol 71: 1181–1185.
- Ben-Fahrat M, Betbout F, Gamra H, et al. (2001) Predictors of long-term event-free survival and of freedom from restenosis after percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy Am Heart J 142: 1072–1079.
- Joseph PK, Bhat A, Francis B, et al. (1997) Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy using an Inoue balloon in children with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Int J Cardiol 62: 19–22.
- Iung B, Garbarz E, Michaud P, et al. (1999) Late results of percutaneous mitral valvotomy in a series of 1024 patients: frequency, anatomic findings, and predictive factors. Circulation 99: 3272–3278.
- Kohen DJ, Kuntz RE, Gordon SP et al. (1992) Predictors of long-term outcome after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. N Engl J Med 327: 1329–1335.
- Fawzy ME, Shoukry M, Hassan WH, et al. (2007) The impact of mitral valve morphology on the long-term outcome of mitral balloon valvuloplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 69: 40–46.
- Umesan CV, Kapur A, Sinha N, et al. (2000) Effect of Inoue balloon mitral valvotomy on severe pulmonary arterial hyper-tension in 315 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis: immediate and long-term results. J Heart Valve Dis 9: 609–615.
- Fawzy ME, Hassan W, Stefadouros M, et al. (2004) Prevalence and fate of severe pulmonary hypertension in 559 consecutive patients with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis undergoing mitral balloon valvotomy. J Heart Valve Dis 13: 942–947; discussion 947–948.
- Bahl VK, Chandra S, Talwar KK, et al. (1995) Balloon mitral valvotomy in patients with systemic and suprasystemic pulmonary artery pressures. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 36: 211–215.
- Stefadouros MA, Fawzi ME, & Malik S (1999) The long-term effect of successful mitral balloon valvotomy on left atrial size. J Heart Valve Dis 8: 543–550.
- Peverill RE, Harper RW, Harris G, et al. (1995) Amelioration of regional left atrial hypercoagulability by balloon mitral valvuloplasty in patients with mitral stenosis. Circulation 92(Suppl. 1): 1–21.
- Chiang C-W, Lo S-K, Ko Y-S, Cheng N-J, Lin PJ, & Chang C-H (1998) Predictors of systemic embolism in patients with mitral stenosis: a prospective study. Ann Int Med 128: 885–889.
- Hameed A, Karaalp IS, Tummala PP, et al. (2001) The effect of valvular heart disease on maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancy. J Am Coll Cardiol 37: 893–899.
- Silversides CK, Colman JM, Sermer M, & Siu SC (2003) Cardiac risk in pregnant women with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 91: 1382–1385.
- Bhatla N, Lal S, Behera G, et al. (2003) Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 82: 153–159.
- Gupta A, Lokhandwala YY, Satoskar PR, et al. (1998) Balloon mitral valvotomy in pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 187: 409–415.
- Cheng TO (2002) Percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty by the Inoue balloon technique is the ideal procedure for treatment of significant mitral stenosis in pregnant women. Cathet Cardiovasc Interv Nov; 57(3): 323–4.
- Mishra S, Narang R, Sharma M, et al. (2001) Percutaneous transseptal mitral commissurotomy in pregnant women with critical mitral stenosis. Indian Heart J 53: 192–196.
- Sivadasanpillai H, Srinivasan A, Sivasubramoniam S, et al. (2005) Long-term outcome of patients undergoing balloon mitral valvotomy in pregnancy. Am J Cardiol 95: 1504–1506.
- Manquione JM, Lourenco RM, dos Santos ES, et al. (2000) Long-term follow-up of pregnant women after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 50: 413–417.
- Esteves CA, Munoz JS, Braga S, et al. (2006) Immediate and long-term follow up of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in pregnant patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis. Am J Cardiol 98: 812–816.
- Kinsara AJ, Ismai O, & Fawzi ME (2002) Effect of balloon mitral valvoplasty during pregnancy on childhood development. Cardiology 97: 155–158.
- Elkayam U & Bitar F (2005) Valvular heart disease and pregnancy part I: native valves. J Am Coll Cardiol 46: 223–230.
- Kramer MS, Demissie K, Yang H, Platt RW, Sauvé R, & Liston R (2000) The contribution of mild and moderate preterm birth to infant mortality. Fetal and Infant Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System. JAMA 284: 843–849.
- Barker DJ & Osmond C (1989) Growth in utero, blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. BMJ 298: 564–567.
- Ben Farhat M, Gamra H, Betbout F, et al. (1997) Percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy during pregnancy. Heart 77: 564–567.
- Guerios E, Bueno R, Nercolini D, et al. (2005) Mitral stenosis and percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty (Part 1). J Invasive Cardiol 17: 382–386.
- Hernandez R, Banuelos C, Alfonso F, et al. (1999) Long-term clinical and echocardiographic follow-up after percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty with the Inoue balloon. Circulation 99: 1580–1586.
- John S, Perianayagam WJ, Abraham K, et al. (1978) Restenosis of the mitral valve: surgical considerations and results of operation. Ann Thorac Surg 25: 316–321.
- Gross RI, Cunningham JN Jr, Snively SL, et al. (1981) Long-term results of open radical mitral commissurotomy: ten year follow-up study of 202 patients. Am J Cardiol 47: 821–825.
- Harken DE, Black H, Taylor WJ, et al. (1961) Reoperation for mitral stenosis. A discussion of post-operative deterioration and methods of improving initial and secondary operation. Circulation 23: 7–12.
- Turi ZG (1998) Restenosis after mitral valvuloplasty. A proxy for short-term palliation versus long-term cure. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 143: 42.
- Gupta S, Vora A, Lokhandwala Y, Kerkar P, Kulkarni H, & Dalvi B (1996) Percutaneous mitral valvotomy in mitral restenosis. Eur Heart J 17: 1560–1564.
- Fawzy ME, Hassan W, Shoukri M, et al. (2005) Immediate and long-term results of mitral balloon valvotomy for restenosis following previous surgical or balloon mitral commissurotomy. Am J Cardiol 96: 971–975.
- Kim JB, Ha JW, Kim JS, et al. (2007) Comparison of long-term outcome after mitral valve replacement or repeated balloon mitral valvotomy in patients with restenosis after previous balloon valvotomy. Am J Cardiol 99: 1571–1574.
- Pathan AZ, Mahdi MA, & Leon MN (1999) Is redo percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMV) indicated in patients with post-PMV mitral restenosis? J Am Coll Cardiol 34: 49–54.
- Kinsara AJ, Fawzy ME, & Sivnandan V (2002) Immediate and midterm outcome of balloon mitral valvotomy in children and adolescents. Can J Cardiol 18: 967–971.
- Krishnamoorthy KM & Tharakan JA (2003) Balloon mitral valvulotomy in children aged ≤ 12 years. J Heart Valve Dis 12: 461–468.
- Zaki A, Salama M, El Masry M, et al. (1999) Five-year follow-up after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in children and adolescents. Am J Cardiol 83: 735–739.
- Fawzy M, Stefadourus M, Hegazy H, et al. (2005) Long term clinical and echocardiographic results of mitral balloon valvotomy in children and adolescents. Heart 91: 743–748.
- Sinha N, Kapur A, Kumar AS, et al. (1997) Immediate and follow up results of Inoue balloon mitral valvotomy in juvenile rheumatic mitral stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis 6: 599–603.
- Sutaria N, Elder AT, & Shaw TR (2000) Long term outcome of percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy in patients aged 70 and over. Heart 83: 433–438.
- Sutaria N, Elder AT, & Shaw TR (2000) Mitral balloon valvotomy for the treatment of mitral stenosis in octogenarians. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 971–974.
- Sharma S, Loya YS, & Desai D (1997) Percutaneous double-valve balloon valvotomy for multivalve stenosis: immediate results and intermediate-term follow-up. Am Heart J 133: 64–70.
- Sharma S, Loya YS, & Daxini BV (1991) Concurrent double balloon valvotomy for combined rheumatic mitral and tricuspid stenosis. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 23: 42–46.
- Krishnan MN, Syamkumar MD, Sajeev CG, et al. (2007) Snare-assisted anterograde balloon mitral and aortic valvotomy using Inoue balloon catheter. Int J Cardiol 114: e9–11.
- Bahl K, Chandra S, Goswami KC, et al. (1998) Combined mitral and aortic valvuloplasty by antegrade transseptal approach using Inoue balloon catheter. Int J Cardiol 63: 313–315.
-
Sancaktar O, Kumbasar SD, & Semiz E (1998) Late results of combined percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty of mitral and tricuspid valves. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 45: 246–250.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0304(199811)45:3<246::AID-CCD6>3.0.CO;2-3 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
-
Joseph G, Rajendiran G, Rajpal KA, et al. (2000) Trans-jugular approach to concurrent mitral-aortic and mitral-tricuspid balloon valvuloplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 49: 335–341.
10.1002/(SICI)1522-726X(200003)49:3<335::AID-CCD24>3.0.CO;2-N CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar