Chapter 4
Epidemiology of Type 1 Diabetes
Lars C. Stene,
Jaakko Tuomilehto,
Lars C. Stene
Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorJaakko Tuomilehto
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorLars C. Stene,
Jaakko Tuomilehto,
Lars C. Stene
Department of Chronic Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Oslo Diabetes Research Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Search for more papers by this authorJaakko Tuomilehto
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
National School of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Richard I.G. Holt MA, MB BChir, PhD, FRCP, FHEA,
Allan Flyvbjerg MD, DMSc,
Richard I.G. Holt MA, MB BChir, PhD, FRCP, FHEA
Professor in Diabetes & Endocrinology Faculty of Medicine Honorary Consultant Physician
Human Development and Health
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Southampton National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
Search for more papers by this authorAllan Flyvbjerg MD, DMSc
Former CEO at Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen (SDCC) Professor of Clinical Endocrinology
The Capital Region of Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 12 January 2024
Summary
Type 1 diabetes in most cases results from an immune-mediated destruction of the pancreatic β cells due to an unknown cause leading to a lifelong requirement for insulin treatment. This occurs after a pre-clinical period of varying length when autoantibodies to insulin, glutamine acid decarboxylase, insulinoma-associated antigen 2, and other islet autoantigens can be detected. Type 1 diabetes may occur at any age and the incidence rate varies by age. The incidence of type 1 diabetes among children shows a vast geographical variation worldwide, with high rates in the Nordic countries and Kuwait, and low in South-East Asia and parts of South America. Most countries have experienced an increasing incidence of type 1 diabetes among children over recent decades, with differences in time trends between countries and calendar periods.
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