Prospects of Phytochemicals for the Treatment of Helminthiasis
Muhammad Akram
Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorEjaz Mohiuddin
Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Karachi, Pakisthan
Search for more papers by this authorCharles Oluwaseun Adetunji
Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorTolulope Olawumi Oladosun
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorPhebean Ozolua
Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorFrances N. Olisaka
Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorChukwuebuka Egbuna
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria
Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorOlugbenga Samuel Micheal
Cardiometabolic Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorJuliana Bunmi Adetunji
Nutritional and toxicological Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorLeena Hameed
Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Karachi, Pakisthan
Search for more papers by this authorChinaza Godswill Awuchi
Department of Physical Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
Search for more papers by this authorKingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu
Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorOlugbemi Tope Olaniyan
Laboratory for Reproductive Biology and Developmental Programming, Department of Physiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Akram
Department of Eastern Medicine and Surgery, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorEjaz Mohiuddin
Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Karachi, Pakisthan
Search for more papers by this authorCharles Oluwaseun Adetunji
Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorTolulope Olawumi Oladosun
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorPhebean Ozolua
Applied Microbiology, Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorFrances N. Olisaka
Environmental and Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorChukwuebuka Egbuna
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria
Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorOlugbenga Samuel Micheal
Cardiometabolic Research Unit, Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorJuliana Bunmi Adetunji
Nutritional and toxicological Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorLeena Hameed
Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University Karachi, Karachi, Pakisthan
Search for more papers by this authorChinaza Godswill Awuchi
Department of Physical Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
Search for more papers by this authorKingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu
Nutritional Biochemistry and Toxicology Unit, World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Public Health and Toxicological Research (PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorOlugbemi Tope Olaniyan
Laboratory for Reproductive Biology and Developmental Programming, Department of Physiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorChukwuebuka Egbuna
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorMuhammad Akram
Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Search for more papers by this authorJonathan Chinenye Ifemeje
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Uli, Nigeria
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
Helminthiasis is a common infestation in children, caused by Ascaris, Trichuris , and hookworm, residing commonly in the gastrointestinal tract, but also the liver and various other organs in severe cases. Herbal medicines are used worldwide for the treatment of helminthiasis, there are fewer or no side effects as compared to well-known synthetic medicines. Medicinal plants such as Euphorbia helioscopia, Baliospermum montanum, Carica papaya, Cynodon dactylon, Artemisia pallens , and Anacardium occidentale have traditionally been used in the treatment of helminthiasis and are considered to contain anthelmintic compounds. In folk medicine, anthelmintic plants have been used as an important traditional herbal medicine due to the vast array of bioactive compounds found in them.
References
- Hotez , P.J. , Brindley , P.J. , Bethony , J.M. et al. ( 2008 ). Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases . The Journal of clinical investigation 118 ( 4 ): 1311 – 1321 .
-
Egbuna , C.
and
Ifemeje , J.C.
(
2015
).
Comparative studies on the phytochemical properties of five Nigerian medicinal plants
.
Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
6
(
2
):
1
–
12
.
10.9734/JAMPS/2016/21816 Google Scholar
- C. Egbuna , S. Kumar , S.M. Ezzat et al. (eds.) ( 2019 ). Phytochemicals as Lead Compounds for New Drug Discovery , 1e . Cambridge, USA : Elsevier . 378 pages.
-
Mtewa , A.G.
,
Egbuna , C.
, and
Rao , G.M.N.
(
2020
).
Poisonous Plants and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery
,
1e
.
USA
:
Wiley
. ISBN: 978-1119650232. 416 Pages.
10.1002/9781119650034 Google Scholar
- Heinrich , M. , Rimpler , H. , and Barrera , N.A. ( 1992 ). Indigenous phytotherapy of gastrointestinal disorders in a lowland Mixe community (Oaxaca, Mexico): ethnopharmacologic evaluation . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 36 ( 1 ): 63 – 80 .
- McGaw , L. , Jäger , A. , and Van Staden , J. ( 2000 ). Antibacterial, anthelmintic and anti-amoebic activity in South African medicinal plants . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72 ( 1–2 ): 247 – 263 .
- Togola , A. , Diallo , D. , Dembélé , S. et al. ( 2005 ). Ethnopharmacological survey of different uses of seven medicinal plants from Mali,(West Africa) in the regions Doila, Kolokani and Siby . Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1 ( 1 ): 7 .
- Guarrera , P.M. ( 1999 ). Traditional antihelmintic, antiparasitic and repellent uses of plants in Central Italy . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 68 ( 1–3 ): 183 – 192 .
- Horton , J. ( 2003 ). Human gastrointestinal helminth infections: are they now neglected diseases? Trends in Parasitology 19 ( 11 ): 527 – 531 .
- Utzinger , J. and Keiser , J. ( 2004 ). Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: common drugs for treatment and control . Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5 ( 2 ): 263 – 285 .
- Steketee , R.W. ( 2003 ). Pregnancy, nutrition and parasitic diseases . The Journal of Nutrition 133 ( 5 ): 1661S – 1667S .
- Bethony , J. , Brooker , S. , Albonico , M. et al. ( 2006 ). Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm . The Lancet 367 ( 9521 ): 1521 – 1532 .
- Faust , E.C. , Russell , P.F. , and Jung , R.C. ( 1970 ). Craig and Faust's clinical parasitology . In: Craig and Faust's Clinical Parasitology , 8e . Philadelphia/London : Lea and Febiger/Henry Kimpton .
- Tandon , V. , Yadav , A. , Roy , B. , and Das , B. ( 2011 ). Phytochemicals as cure of worm infections in traditional medicine systems . In: Emerging Trends in Zoology , 351 – 378 . New Delhi : Narendra Publishing House .
- Mehraj , V. , Hatcher , J. , Akhtar , S. et al. ( 2008 ). Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection among children in an urban slum of Karachi . PloS one 3 ( 11 ): e3680 .
- O'Connell , E.M. and Nutman , T.B. ( 2016 ). Molecular diagnostics for soil-transmitted helminths . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95 ( 3 ): 508 – 513 . https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0266 .
- Nilforoushan , M. , Mirhendi , H. , Rezaie , S. et al. ( 2007 ). A DNA-based identification of Strongyloides stercoralis isolates from Iran . Iranian Journal of Public Health 36 : 16 – 20 .
- Verweij , J.J. , Canales , M. , Polman , K. et al. ( 2009 ). Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis in faecal samples using real-time PCR . Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103 : 342 – 346 .
- Moghaddassani , H. , Mirhendi , H. , Hosseini , M. et al. ( 2011 ). Molecular diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis infection by PCR detection of specific DNA in human stool samples . Iranian Journal of Parasitology 6 : 23 – 30 .
- Sharifdini , M. , Mirhendi , H. , Ashrafi , K. et al. ( 2015 ). Comparison of nested polymerase chain reaction and real-time polymerase chain reaction with parasitological methods for detection of Strongyloides stercoralis in human fecal samples . American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93 : 1285 – 1291 .
- Haque , R. ( 2007 ). Human intestinal parasites . Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition 25 ( 4 ): 387 .
- Villamizar , E. , Mendez , M. , Bonilla , E. et al. ( 1996 ). Ascaris lumbricoides infestation as a cause of intestinal obstruction in children: experience with 87 cases . Journal of Pediatric Surgery 31 ( 1 ): 201 – 205 .
- Burkhart , C.N. and Burkhart , C.G. ( 2005 ). Assessment of frequency, transmission, and genitourinary complications of enterobiasis (pinworms) . International Journal of Dermatology 44 ( 10 ): 837 – 840 .
- Wasadikar , P. and Kulkarni , A. ( 1997 ). Intestinal obstruction due to ascariasis . British Journal of Surgery 84 ( 3 ): 410 – 412 .
- De Silva , N.R. , Brooker , S. , Hotez , P.J. et al. ( 2003 ). Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture . Trends in Parasitology 19 ( 12 ): 547 – 551 .
- Degarege , A. , Animut , A. , Legesse , M. , and Erko , B. ( 2010 ). Malaria and helminth co-infections in outpatients of Alaba Kulito Health Center, southern Ethiopia: a cross sectional study . BMC Research Notes 3 ( 1 ): 143 .
- Chen , M. , Chang , K. , Lin , K. et al. ( 2012 ). Retinopathy in a patient with Fanconi anemia and vitamin B 12 deficiency . Eye 26 ( 2 ): 331 .
- Wakid , M. ( 2006 ). Distribution of intestinal parasites among food handlers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia . Journal of Parasitic Diseases 30 ( 2 ): 146 – 152 .
- Knopp , S. , Mohammed , K.A. , Stothard , J.R. et al. ( 2010 ). Patterns and risk factors of helminthiasis and anemia in a rural and a peri-urban community in Zanzibar, in the context of helminth control programs . PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 4 ( 5 ): e681 .
- Phuc , T.Q. , Mihrshahi , S. , Casey , G.J. et al. ( 2009 ). Lessons learned from implementation of a demonstration program to reduce the burden of anemia and hookworm in women in Yen Bai Province, Viet Nam . BMC Public Health 9 ( 1 ): 266 .
- Erko , B. , Degarege , A. , Tadesse , K. et al. ( 2012 ). Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni in schoolchildren in Shesha Kekele Elementary School, Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia . Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2 ( 3 ): 235 .
- Joseph , S.A. , Montresor , A. , Casapía , M. et al. ( 2016 ). Adverse events from a randomized, multi-arm, placebo-controlled trial of mebendazole in children 12–24 months of age . The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95 ( 1 ): 83 – 87 .
- Igual-Adell , R. , Oltra-Alcaraz , C. , Soler-Company , E. et al. ( 2004 ). Efficacy and safety of ivermectin and thiabendazole in the treatment of strongyloidiasis . Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 5 ( 12 ): 2615 – 2619 .
- Jevtić , M. , Mikić , D. , Arsić-Komljenović , G. et al. ( 2008 ). Adverse effects of long term, continual administration of high doses of albendazole in the treatment of echinococcal disease . Vojnosanitetski Pregled 65 ( 7 ): 539 – 544 .
- Sümegi , V. , Haszon , I. , Iványi , B. et al. ( 2004 ). Long-term effects of levamisole treatment in childhood nephrotic syndrome . Pediatric Nephrology 19 ( 12 ): 1354 – 1360 .
- Ferrara , P. , Bersani , I. , Bottaro , G. et al. ( 2011 ). Massive proteinuria: a possible side effect of pyrantel pamoate? Renal Failure 33 ( 5 ): 534 – 536 .
- Ali , S.S. , Kasoju , N. , Luthra , A. et al. ( 2008 ). Indian medicinal herbs as sources of antioxidants . Food Research International 41 ( 1 ): 1 – 15 .
- Ahmad , K. , Usmanghani , K. , Akhtar , N. , and Nazar , H. ( 2015 ). Clinical assessment of coded Unani formulation D-worm and mebandazole for the treatment of hook worm, roundworm and whip worm . Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 28 ( 6 ): 2115 – 2118 .
- Jabbar , A. , Raza , M.A. , Iqbal , Z. , and Khan , M.N. ( 2006 ). An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the southern Punjab (Pakistan) . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108 ( 1 ): 152 – 154 .
- Singh , O. and Ali , M. ( 2011 ). Phytochemical and antifungal profiles of the seeds of Carica papaya L . Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 73 ( 4 ): 447 .
- Okeniyi , J.A. , Ogunlesi , T.A. , Oyelami , O.A. , and Adeyemi , L.A. ( 2007 ). Effectiveness of dried Carica papaya seeds against human intestinal parasitosis: a pilot study . Journal of Medicinal Food 10 ( 1 ): 194 – 196 .
- Chokchaisiri , R. , Suaisom , C. , Sriphota , S. et al. ( 2009 ). Bioactive flavonoids of the flowers of Butea monosperma . Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 57 ( 4 ): 428 – 432 .
- Ahmed , F. , Siddaraju , N. , Harish , M. , and Urooj , A. ( 2012 ). Effect of Butea monosperma Lam. leaves and bark extracts on blood glucose in streptozotocin-induced severely diabetic rats . Pharmacognosy Research 4 ( 1 ): 33 .
- Sonkar , N. , Ganeshpurkar , A. , Yadav , P. et al. ( 2014 ). An experimetal evaluation of nephroprotective potential of Butea monosperma extract in albino rats . Indian Journal of Pharmacology 46 ( 1 ): 109 .
- Cherian , A.M. , Snima , K. , Kamath , C.R. et al. ( 2015 ). Effect of Baliospermum montanum nanomedicine apoptosis induction and anti-migration of prostate cancer cells . Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 71 : 201 – 209 .
- Soni , S. , Anandjiwala , S. , Patel , G. , and Rajani , M. ( 2008 ). Validation of different methods of preparation of Adhatoda vasica leaf juice by quantification of total alkaloids and vasicine . Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70 ( 1 ): 36 .
- Claeson , U.P. , Malmfors , T. , Wikman , G. , and Bruhn , J.G. ( 2000 ). Adhatoda vasica: a critical review of ethnopharmacological and toxicological data . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72 ( 1–2 ): 1 – 20 .
- Dhuley , J.N. ( 1999 ). Antitussive effect of Adhatoda vasica extract on mechanical or chemical stimulation-induced coughing in animals . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67 ( 3 ): 361 – 365 .
- Ramjith , U. , Roopitha , B. , and Jacob , C. ( 2013 ). Isolation anti-diabetic and antioxidant evaluation of aqueous extract of Cansjera rheedii leaves . Asian Journal of Pharmacutical and Clinical Research 6 ( 3 ): 228 – 234 .
- Ahmad , S. , Rao , H. , Akhtar , M. et al. ( 2011 ). Phytochemical composition and pharmacological prospectus of Ficus bengalensis Linn. (Moraceae)—a review . Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5 ( 28 ): 6393 – 6400 .
- Garg , V.K. and Paliwal , S.K. ( 2011 ). Wound-healing activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ficus benghalensis . Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research 2 ( 2 ): 110 .
- Patel , M.A. , Patel , P.K. , and Patel , M.B. ( 2010 ). Effects of ethanol extract of Ficus bengalensis (bark) on inflammatory bowel disease . Indian Journal of Pharmacology 42 ( 4 ): 214 .
- Eguale , T. , Tadesse , D. , and Giday , M. ( 2011 ). In vitro anthelmintic activity of crude extracts of five medicinal plants against egg-hatching and larval development of Haemonchus contortus . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 ( 1 ): 108 – 113 .
- Getie , M. , Gebre-Mariam , T. , Rietz , R. et al. ( 2003 ). Evaluation of the anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities of the medicinal plants Dodonaea viscosa , Rumex nervosus and Rumex abyssinicus . Fitoterapia 74 ( 1–2 ): 139 – 143 .
- Mekonnen , T. , Urga , K. , and Engidawork , E. ( 2010 ). Evaluation of the diuretic and analgesic activities of the rhizomes of Rumex abyssinicus Jacq in mice . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 127 ( 2 ): 433 – 439 .
- Murti , Y. , Yogi , B. , and Pathak , D. ( 2010 ). Pharmacognostic standardization of leaves of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.(Asclepiadaceae) . International Journal of Ayurveda Research 1 ( 1 ): 14 .
- Moustafa , A. , Ahmed , S. , Nabil , Z. et al. ( 2010 ). Extraction and phytochemical investigation of Calotropis procera : effect of plant extracts on the activity of diverse muscles . Pharmaceutical Biology 48 ( 10 ): 1080 – 1190 .
- Alencar , N. , Figueiredo , I. , Vale , M. et al. ( 2004 ). Anti-inflammatory effect of the latex from Calotropis procera in three different experimental models: peritonitis, paw edema and hemorrhagic cystitis . Planta Medica 70 ( 12 ): 1144 – 1149 .
- Soares , P.M. , Lima , S.R. , Matos , S.G. et al. ( 2005 ). Antinociceptive activity of Calotropis procera latex in mice . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 99 ( 1 ): 125 – 129 .
- Ahmad , H. , Sehgal , S. , Mishra , A. , and Gupta , R. ( 2012 ). Mimosa pudica L.(Laajvanti): an overview . Pharmacognosy Reviews 6 ( 12 ): 115 .
- Molina , M. , Contreras , C. , and Tellez-Alcantara , P. ( 1999 ). Mimosa pudica may possess antidepressant actions in the rat . Phytomedicine 6 ( 5 ): 319 – 323 .
- Turker , A.U. and Gurel , E. ( 2005 ). Common mullein ( Verbascum thapsus L.): recent advances in research . Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives 19 ( 9 ): 733 – 739 .
- Escobar , F.M. , Sabini , M.C. , Zanon , S.M. et al. ( 2012 ). Antiviral effect and mode of action of methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus L. on pseudorabies virus (strain RC/79) . Natural Product Research 26 ( 17 ): 1621 – 1625 .
- Muthukrishnan , S.D. , Kaliyaperumal , A. , and Subramaniyan , A. ( 2015 ). Identification and determination of flavonoids, carotenoids and chlorophyll concentration in Cynodon dactylon (L.) by HPLC analysis . Natural Product Research 29 ( 8 ): 785 – 790 .
- Albert-Baskar , A. and Ignacimuthu , S. ( 2010 ). Chemopreventive effect of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. extract against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis in experimental animals . Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 62 ( 4 ): 423 – 431 .
- Williams , A.R. , Soelberg , J. , and Jager , A.K. ( 2016 ). Anthelmintic properties of traditional African and Caribbean medicinal plants: identification of extracts with potent activity against Ascaris suum in vitro . Parasite 23 : 24 . https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2016024 .
- Al-Mathal , E.M. and Alsalem , A.A. ( 2013 ). Pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) peel is effective in a murine model of experimental Cryptosporidium parvum ultrastructural studies of the ileum . Experimental Parasitology 134 ( 4 ): 482 – 494 .
- El-Sherbini , G.T. and Osman , S.M. ( 2013 ). Anthelmintic activity of unripe Mangifera indica L. (Mango) against Strongyloides stercoralis . International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 2 ( 5 ): 401 – 409 .
- Engstrom , M.T. , Karonen , M. , Ahern , J.R. et al. ( 2016 ). Chemical structures if plant hydrolysable tannins reveal their in vitro activity against egg hatching and motility of Haemonchus contortus nematodes . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64 : 840 – 851 .
- Athanasiadou , S. , Kyriazakis , I. , Jackson , F. , and Coop , R.L. ( 2001 ). Direct anthelmintic effects of condensed tannins towards different gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep: In vitro and in vivo studies . Veterinary Parasitology 99 : 205 – 219 .
- Costa , C.T.C. , Morais , S.M. , Bevilaqua , C.M.L. et al. ( 2002 ). Ovicidal effect of Mangifera indica L. seeds extracts on Haemonchus contortus . Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Parasitology 11 : 57 – 60 .
- Kumar , A. , Ram , J. , Samarth , R. , and Kumar , M. ( 2005 ). Modulatory influence of Adhatoda vasica Nees leaf extract against gamma irradiation in Swiss albino mice . Phytomedicine 12 ( 4 ): 285 – 293 .
- Joshi , B.S. , Bai , Y. , Puar , M.S. et al. ( 1994 ). 1H-and 13C-NMR assignments for Some Pyrrolo {2, 1b} quinazoline alkaloids of Adhatoda vasica . Journal of Natural Products 57 ( 7 ): 953 – 962 .
- Yadav , A.K. and Tangpu , V. ( 2008 ). Anticestodal activity of Adhatoda vasica extract against Hymenolepis diminuta infections in rats . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 119 ( 2 ): 322 – 324 .
- Otunola , G.A. , Oloyede , O.B. , Oladiji , A.T. , and Afolayan , A.J. ( 2010 ). Comparative analysis of the chemical composition of three spices – Allium sativum L. Zingiber officinale Rosc. and Capsicum frutescens L. commonly consumed in Nigeria . African Journal of Biotechnology 9 ( 41 ): 6927 – 6931 .
- Iqbal , Z. , Nadeem , Q.K. , Khan , M. et al. ( 2001 ). In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum , Zingiber officinale, Curcurbita mexicana and Ficus religiosa . International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 3 ( 4 ): 454 – 457 .
- Mali , R. and Wadekar , R. ( 2008 ). In vitro anthelmintic activity of Baliospermum montanum muell arg roots . Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70 ( 1 ): 131 .
- Gupta , P. , Chauhan , N. , Pande , M. , and Pathak , A. ( 2012 ). Phytochemical and pharmacological review on Butea monosperma (Palash) . International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 3 ( 7 ): 255 – 258 .
- Iqbal , Z. , Lateef , M. , Jabbar , A. et al. ( 2006 ). In vivo anthelmintic activity of Butea monosperma against Trichostrongylid nematodes in sheep . Fitoterapia 77 ( 2 ): 137 – 140 .
- Prashanth , D. , Asha , M. , Amit , A. , and Padmaja , R. ( 2001 ). Anthelmintic activity of Butea monosperma . Fitoterapia 72 ( 4 ): 421 – 422 .
- Shivkar , Y.M. and Kumar , V.L. ( 2003 ). Anthelmintic activity of latex of Calotropis procera . Pharmaceutical Biology 41 ( 4 ): 263 – 265 . https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.41.4.263.15666 .
- Farnsworth , N.R. , Bingel , A.S. , Cordell , G.A. et al. ( 1975 ). Potential value of plants as sources of new antifertility agents I . Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 64 ( 4 ): 535 – 598 .
-
Aswar , M.
,
Aswar , U.
,
Watkar , B.
et al. (
2008
).
Anthelmintic activity of
Ficus benghalensis
.
International Journal of Green Pharmacy
2
(
3
):
170
–
172
.
10.4103/0973-8258.42737 Google Scholar
- Bendgude , R. , Maniyar , M. , Kondawar , M. et al. ( 2012 ). Anthelmintic activity of leaves of Mimosa pudica . International Journal of Institutional Pharmacy and Life Sciences 2 : 120 – 125 .
-
Amelia , M.
,
Jasaputra , D.K.
, and
Tjokropranoto , R.
(
2017
).
Effects of Pomegranate Peel (
Punica granatum
L.) extract as an anthelmintic
.
Journal of Medicine & Health
1
(
5
):
409
–
416
.
10.28932/jmh.v1i5.537 Google Scholar
- Shinwari , Z.K. and Gilani , S.S. ( 2003 ). Sustainable harvest of medicinal plants at Bulashbar Nullah, Astore (northern Pakistan) . Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84 ( 2–3 ): 289 – 298 .
- Bileflimi , V.T.K. ( 2004 ). Chemical constituents of Verbascum L. species . FABAD Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 29 : 93 – 107 .
- Seifert , K. , Schmidt , J. , Lien , N. , and Johne , S. ( 1985 ). Iridoide aus Verbascum-Arten . Planta Medica 51 ( 05 ): 409 – 411 .
- Warashina , T. , Miyase , T. , and Ueno , A. ( 1991 ). Iridoid glycosides from Verbascum thapsus L . Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 39 ( 12 ): 3261 – 3264 .
- Souleles , C. and Geronikaki , A. ( 1989 ). Flavonoids from Verbascum thapsus . Scientica Pharmaceutica 57 ( 1 ): 59 – 61 .
- Ali , N. , Shah , S.W.A. , Shah , I. et al. ( 2012 ). Anthelmintic and relaxant activities of Verbascum thapsus Mullein . BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 12 ( 1 ): 29 .
- Ali , B.H. , Blunden , G. , Tanira , M.O. , and Nemmar , A. ( 2008 ). Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research . Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 ( 2 ): 409 – 420 .
- Tyler , V.E. ( 1994 ). Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals . Pharmaceutical Products Press . (imprint of Haworth Press, Inc.).
- Raj , R.K. ( 1975 ). Screening of indigenous plants for anthelmintic action against human Ascaris lumbricoides : part-II . Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 19 ( 1 ): 47 – 49 .
- C. Egbuna , J.C. Ifemeje , S.C. Udedi , and S. Kumar (eds.) ( 2018 ). Phytochemistry . In: Fundamentals, Methods, and Applications , 1e , vol. 1 . New York : Apple Academic Press/CRC Taylor & Francis . ISBN: 978-1771887595 . 684 pages, part of a 3 volume set.
-
C. Egbuna
,
S. Kumar
,
J.C. Ifemeje
, and
J.V. Kurhekar
(eds.) (
2018
).
Phytochemistry
. In:
Pharmacognosy, Nanomedicine, and Contemporary Issues
,
1e
, vol.
2
.
New York
:
Apple Academic Press/CRC Taylor & Francis
. ISBN:
978-1771887601
. 620 pages, part of a 3 volume set.
10.1201/9780429426193 Google Scholar
- C. Egbuna , J.C. Ifemeje , S. Kumar , and N. Sharif (eds.) ( 2018 ). Phytochemistry . In: Marine, Industrial, and Advances , 1e , vol. 3 . New York : Apple Academic Press/CRC Taylor & Francis . ISBN: 978-1771887618 . 502 pages, part of a 3 volume set.
-
K. Saravanan
,
C. Egbuna
,
H.I. Averal
et al. (eds.) (
2020
).
Drug Development for Cancer and Diabetes
,
1e
.
Apple Academic Press/Taylor & Francis
. ISBN:
9781771888608
. 392 pages.
10.1201/9780429330490 Google Scholar
- Egbuna , C. and Sawicka , B. ( 2019 ). Natural Remedies for Pest, Disease and Weed Control , 1e . USA : Academic Press (Elsevier) . ISBN: 9780128193051 . 268 pages, 978-0-12-819304-4.
-
C. Egbuna
and
G.D. Tupas
(eds.) (
2020
).
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals - Bioactive Components, Formulations and Innovations
,
1e
.
Cham, Switzerland
:
Springer Nature
. ISBN:
978-3-030-42318-6
. 646 pages.
10.1007/978-3-030-42319-3 Google Scholar
- C. Egbuna and A.G. Mtewa (eds.) ( 2021 ). Phytochemistry, the Military and Health: Phytotoxins and Natural Defenses , 1e . Cambridge, USA : Elsevier . ISBN: 9780128232309 . 615 pages.
- K. Shashank and C. Egbuna (eds.) ( 2019 ). Phytochemistry: In vitro and in silico updates , 1e . Singapore : Springer Nature . ISBN: 978-981-13-6919-3 . 589 pages.
- Moser , W. , Schindler , C. , and Keiser , J. ( 2017 ). Efficacy of recommended drugs against soil transmitted helminthes: systematic review and network meta-analysis . British Medical Journal 358 : j4307 . https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4307 .