Chapter 77

Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy

Douglas K. Rex

Douglas K. Rex

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

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First published: 25 February 2022

Summary

This chapter offers diverse images that provide an overview on the colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy and aims to provide a synopsis through pictures and illustrations rather than through text. Retroflexion in the rectum is an excellent tool for identification of benign anorectal disorders such as hemorrhoids, fistulas, hypertrophy of the anal papillae, and cancer in the distal rectum and anus. Sometimes, one or more hemorrhoids is swollen, and there is surface ulceration, changes that result from prolapse. The chapter also includes exceptional images, organized by disease entity and therapeutic modality, including histopathology slides, MRI and CT scans, endoscopy, EUS, and open surgery images.

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