Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy
Summary
This chapter offers diverse images that provide an overview on the colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy and aims to provide a synopsis through pictures and illustrations rather than through text. Retroflexion in the rectum is an excellent tool for identification of benign anorectal disorders such as hemorrhoids, fistulas, hypertrophy of the anal papillae, and cancer in the distal rectum and anus. Sometimes, one or more hemorrhoids is swollen, and there is surface ulceration, changes that result from prolapse. The chapter also includes exceptional images, organized by disease entity and therapeutic modality, including histopathology slides, MRI and CT scans, endoscopy, EUS, and open surgery images.