5G Enabling Technologies: Small Cells, Full-Duplex Communications, and Full-Dimension MIMO Technologies
Mosa Ali Abu-Rgheff
University of Plymouth, Centre for Security, Communications and Network Research, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorMosa Ali Abu-Rgheff
University of Plymouth, Centre for Security, Communications and Network Research, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter presents a comprehensive coverage on some of the key enabling technologies that derive 5G networks. It introduces the rationale for these technologies, applying the principles of digital communication pioneered by Shannon's theory. The chapter considers heterogeneous technology. The fronthaul is logically re-configurable to implement appropriate transmission schemes. The chapter explains and analyses these technologies. It also analyses the probability of outage on the downlink (DL) cache-enable small base-stations (SBSs) with respect to the cache storage, and illustrates SBSs intensity. Schemes for reducing self-interference, together with the infrastructure for full-duplex (FD) transmission on the DL, and the FD multiple access channel protocol for the uplink, are all analysed. The chapter reviews the reference signals, antenna ports, and physical channels. The FD-multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is described and analysed in terms of individual user signal-to-interference plus noise powers ratio to show the increase in system capacity. The chapter assesses the issues relating to FD-MIMO technology.
References
- Andrews, J.G., Buzzi, S., Choi, W. et al. (2014). What Will 5G Be? IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 32 (6): 1065–1082.
- Tall, A., Altman, Z., and Altman, E. (2014) ‘ Self organizing strategies for enhanced ICIC (eICIC)’, International Symposium on Modelling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc, and Wireless Networks', 318–325.
- Larew, S.G., Thomas, T.A., Cudk, M., and Ghosh, A. (2013). Air interface design and ray tracing study for 5G Millimeter Wave Communications. IEEE GlobeCom Workshops 117–122.
- Hossian, E. and Hasan, M. (2015). 5G cellular: key enabling technologies and research challenges. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Magazine 18 (3): 11–21.
- Radwan, A., Saidul Haq, K.M., Mumtaz, S. et al. (2016). Low-cost on-demand C-RAN based mobile small-cells. IEEE Access 4: 2331–2339.
- C-RAN, The Road Towards Green RAN (2011) White Paper Version 2.5, China Mobile Research Institute, available: http://labs.chinamobile.com/cran/wpcontent/uploads/CRAN_white_paper_v2… · PDF file.
- Bhushan, N., Li, J., Malladi, D. et al. (2014). Network densification: the dominant theme for wireless evolution into 5G. IEEE Communications Magazine 52 (2): 82–89.
- Kudo, T. and Ohtsuk, T. (2013). Cell range expansion using distributed Q-learning in heterogeneous networks. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2013 (61): 1–10.
- Sundaresan, K., Arslan, M.Y., Singh, S. et al. (2016). FluidNet: a flexible cloud-based radio access network for small cells. IEEE /ACM Transactions on Networking 24 (2): 915–928.
- Namba, S., Warabino, T., and Kaneko, S. (2012). BBU-RRH Switching Schemes for Centralized RAN. IEEE International ICST Conference on Communications and Networking in China 762–766.
- Jungnickel, V., Manolakis, K., Zirwas, W. et al. (2014). The Role of Small Cells, Coordinated Multipoint, and Massive MIMO in 5G. IEEE Communications Magazine 52 (5): 44–51.
- Baştuğ, E., Bennis, M., and, Debbah, M. (2014) ‘ Cache-enabled small-cell networks: Modelling and tradeoffs’, International Symposium on Wireless Communications Systems (ISWCS), 649–653
- Bastug, E. (2015) ‘ Distributed cashing Methods in Small Cell Networks’, PhD Thesis, University of Paris-SAClay.
- Radunovic, B., Gunawardena, D., Key, P. et al. (2010). Rethinking indoor wireless: low power, low frequency, full-duplex. IEEE Workshop on Wireless Mesh Networks, Pages 1–6.
- Raghavan, A., Gebara, E., Emmanouil, M. et al. (2005). Analysis and design of an interference canceller for collocated radios. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 53 (11): 3498–3508.
- Radunovic, B., Gunawardena, D., Key, P., et al. (2009) Microsoft Research Cambridge, Technical Report MSR-TR-2009-148.
- Sahai, A., Patel, G. and Sabharwal, A. (2011) ‘ Pushing the Limits of Full-Duplex: Design and Real-Time Implementation’, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Technical Report TREE1 .1. 04.
- Duarte, M. and Sabharwal, A. (2010) ‘ Full-duplex wireless communications using off-the-shelf radios: Feasibility and first results’, Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Proceedings of the conference,1558–15620
- Choi, J-II, Jain, M., Srinivasan, K., et al. (2010) ‘Achieving Single Channel, Full Duplex Wireless Communication’ ACM Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking: Proceedings of the sixteenth annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, 1–12.
- Hong, S., Brand, J., Choi, J.-I.I. et al. (2014). Applications of Self-Interference Cancellation in 5G and Beyond. IEEE Communications Magazine 52 (2): 114–121.
- Sabharwal, A., Schniter, P., Guo, D. et al. (2014). In-Band Full-Duplex Wireless: Challenges and Opportunities. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication 32 (9): 1637–1652.
- Choi, J-II., Jain, M., Srinivasan, K., et al. (2010) ‘ Achieving Single Channel, Full Duplex Wireless presentation slides, Stanford University, available at: http://sing.stanford.edu/pubs/mobicom10-duplex-slides.pdf.
- Zhang, Z., Chai, X., Long, K. et al. (2015). Full duplex techniques for 5g networks: self-interference cancellation, protocol design, and relay selection. IEEE Communications Magazine 53 (5): 128–137.
- Korpi, D., Tamminen, J., Turunen, M. et al. (2016). Full-duplex mobile device: pushing the limits. IEEE Communications Magazine 54 (9): 80–87.
- 3GPP TS 36.211 version 8.9.0 Release 8 (2009) ‘ Physical channels and modulation’.
- 3GPP TS 36.211 version 9.1.0 Release 9 (2010) ‘ Physical channels and modulation’.
- 3GPP TS 36.211 version 10.4.0 Release 10 (2011) ‘ Physical channels and modulation’.
- 3GPP TS 36.211 version 11.1.0 Release 11 (2013) ‘ Physical channels and modulation’.
- 3GPP TS 36.211 version 13.5.0 Release 13 (2016) ‘ Physical channels and modulation’.
- 3GPP TS 36.211 version 14.2.0 Release 14 (2017) ‘ Physical channels and modulation’.
- Kim, Y., Ji, H., Lee, J. et al. (2014). Full Dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO): The Next Evolution of MIMO in LTE Systems. IEEE Wireless Communications 21 (2): 26–33.
- Nam, Y.-H., Ng, B.L., Sayana, K. et al. (2013). Full-dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) for Next Generation Cellular Technology. IEEE Communications Magazine 51 (6): 172–179.
- Nam, Y-H., Rahman, M.S, Li, Y., Xu, G., et al.(2015) ' Full dimension MIMO for LTE-Advanced and 5G', Information Theory and Applications Workshop (ITA), 143–148
- Xu, G., Li, Y., Yuan, J., Monroe, R. et al. (2017). Full Dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO): Demonstrating Commercial Feasibility. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 35 (8): 1876–1886.
- Anokye, P., Ahiadormey, R.K., Song, C., and Lee, K.-J. (2018). Achievable Sum-Rate Analysis of Massive MIMO Full-Duplex Wireless Backhaul Links in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks. IEEE Access 6: 23456–23469.
- Xu, G., Li, Y., Yuan, J. et al. (2017). Full Dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO): demonstrating commercial feasibility. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 35 (8): 1876–1886.
- Ji, H., Kim, Y., and Lee, J. (Samsung Electronics, Korea), Onggosanusi, E., Nam, Y. and Zhang, J. (Samsung Research America), Lee, B. (Purdue University), Shim, B. (Seoul National University) (2017). Overview of Full-Dimension MIMO in LTE-Advanced Pro. IEEE Communications Magazine 55 (2): 176–184.
- Schwarz, S., Mehlfuhrer, C., and Rupp, M. (2010) ' Calculation of the Spatial Preprocessing and Link Adaption Feedback for 3GPP UMTS/LTE', Wireless Advanced 2010, 1–6.
- Zhang, W., Xiang, J., Li, Y.-N.R. et al. (2015). Field Trial and Future Enhancements for TDD Massive MIMO Networks. IEEE 26th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) 2339–2343.
- Yong, S.K., Sahink, M.E., and Kim, Y.H. ' On the Effects of Misalignment and Angular Spread on the Beamforming Performance' Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Communication Lab, Available at: http://wcsp.eng.usf.edu/papers.
- Lee, B., Choi, J., Seol, J.-Y. et al. (2015). Antenna Grouping Based Feedback Compression for FDD-Based Massive MIMO Systems. IEEE Transactions on Communications 63 (9): 3261–3274.
- Kim, T., Park, J., Seol, J-Y., et al. (2013) 'Tens of Gbps Support with mmWave Beamforming Systems for Next Generation Communications', IEEE Globecom - Wireless Communications Symposium, 3685–3690.
- Yang, H., Herben, M.A.J., Akkermans, I.J.A.G., and Smulders, P.F. (2008). Impact Analysis of Directional Antennas and Multiantenna Beamformers on Radio Transmission. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 57 (3): 1695–1707.
- Qiang, W. and Zhongli, Z. (2011). Reinforcement learning model, algorithms and its application. IEEE International Conference on Mechatronic Science, Electrical Engineering and Computer 1143–1146.
- Watkins, C. (1989) ' Learning from Delayed Rewards', PhD Thesis, King's College, Cambridge, UK.
Further Reading
- Tzanidis, I., Li, Y., Xu, G. et al. (2015). 2D Active Antenna Array Design for FD-MIMO System and Antenna Virtualization Techniques. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation Article ID 873530, Hindawi Publishing Corporation.
- Nam, Y-H., Li, Y., (Charlie) Zhang, J. (2014) ‘ 3D Channel Models for Elevation Beamforming and FDMIMO in LTE-A and 5G’, IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 805–809.
- Cisco (1992-2007) ‘ Antenna Patterns and Their Meaning’, White paper.
- Xu, G., Li, Y., Nam, Y-H., et al. (2014) ‘ Full-Dimension MIMO: Status and Challenges in Design and Implementation – SAMSUNG.
- Liu, C., Wang, W., Li, Y., et al. (2015) ‘Dual Layer Beamforming with Limited Feedback for Full-Dimension MIMO Systems’, IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications - (PIMRC): Workshop on Advancements in Massive MIMO’, 2329–2333.
- Furuskog, J., Werner, K., and Riback, M. ‘ Field trials of LTE with 4×4 MIMO’, Ericsson Review. 1 2010.
- Ji, H., Kim, Y., Kwak, Y., and Lee, J. (2014) ‘ Effect of three-dimensional beamforming on full dimension MIMO in LTE-Advanced last’, IEEE Globecom. Workshop, 821–826.
- Jassal, A., Khanfir, H., and Lopez, S.M. (2014) ‘ Preliminary system-level simulation results for the 3GPP 3D MIMO channel model, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2014-Fall), 1–5.
- Matsuno, H., Nakano, M. and Yamaguchi, A. (2013) ‘ Slim Omnidirection al orthogonal polarization MIMO antenna with halo and patch antennas on cylindrical ground plane’, European conference on antennas and propagation, 720–724.
- Wu, H., Cai, J., Xiao, H., et al.(2016) High-Rank MIMO Precoding for Future LTE-Advanced Pro, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring),1–6