Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound for Human Immune‐Deficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) Co‐Infection - Emergency Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound - Wiley Online Library

New tuberculosis (TB) infections are surging in patients infected with the human immune-deficiency virus (HIV). The 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for diagnosing TB in HIV-positive patients make point-of-care ultrasound ideally suitable for diagnosing the TB co-infection in smear-negative patients. TB sputum testing is the first step in diagnosing TB co-infection. HIV patients who test negatively on their TB sputum should continue with their diagnostic work-up aided by supplementary investigations. The FASH scan examination includes a key list of ultrasound. Imaging investigations (including the FASH scan) increase the likelihood of detecting the presence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in patients who may be otherwise difficult to diagnose due to the low sputum TB testing yield. The FASH scan components have varying value in predicting the presence of EPTB. The FASH scan has the dual benefit of detecting EPTB and grossly predicting the severity of the patient's immune status suppression.

Adler, D., Mgalula, K., Price, D., Taylor, O. (2008) Introduction of a portable ultrasound unit into the health services of the Lugufu refugee camp, Kigoma District, Tanzania. Int. J. Emerg. Med., 1 (4), 261–266.
10.1007/s12245-008-0074-7
PubMed Google Scholar
Al Zahrani, K., Al Jahdali, H., Poirier, L., Rene, P., Menzies, D. (2001) Yield of smear, culture and amplification tests from repeated sputum induction for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis., 5 (9), 855–860.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Aubry, P., Reynaud, J.P., Nbonyingingo, C., Ndabaneze, E., Mucikere, E. (1994) [Ultrasonographic data of the solid organs of the abdomen in stage IV human immunodeficiency virus infection. A prospective study of 101 cases in central Africa]. Ann. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. (Paris), 30 (2), 43–52.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
de Geus, A. 1993) Scarcity of radiodiagnostic services in developing countries. Trop. Geogr. Med., 45 (3), 97.
PubMed Google Scholar
Dixit, R., Arya, M.K., Panjabi, M., Gupta, A., Paramez, A.R. (2010) Clinical profile of patients having splenic involvement in tuberculosis. Indian J. Tuberc., 57 (1), 25–30.
PubMed Google Scholar
Health Protection Agency (2011). Available from: www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/Tuberculosis. [Accessed 13 October 2013].
Google Scholar
Heller, T., Wallrauch, C., Lessells, R.J., Goblirsch, S., Brunetti, E. (2010) Short course for focused assessment with sonography for human immunodeficiency virus/tuberculosis: preliminary results in a rural setting in South Africa with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 82 (3), 512–515.
10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0561
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Hudson, C.P., Wood, R. (2003) Ultrasound for the diagnosis of HIV-associated tuberculosis. S. Afr. Med. J., 93 (6), 440–441
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Koole, O., Thai, S., Khun, K.E., Pe, R., van Griensven, J., Apers, L., et al. (2011) Evaluation of the 2007 WHO guideline to improve the diagnosis of tuberculosis in ambulatory HIV-positive adults. PLoS ONE, 6 (4), e18502.
10.1371/journal.pone.0018502
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Longo-Mbenza, B., Tonduangu, K., Seghers, K.V., Mubagwa, D. (1997) [HIV infection and pericardial disease invasion in Africa]. Arch. Mal. Coeur Vaiss., 90 (10), 1377–1384.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Monill-Serra, J.M., Martinez-Noguera, A., Montserrat, E., Maideu, J., Sabate, J.M. (1997) Abdominal ultrasound findings of disseminated tuberculosis in AIDS. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 25 (1), 1–6.
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0096(199701)25:1<1::AID-JCU1>3.0.CO;2-M
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Ocama, P., Katwere, M., Piloya, T., Feld, J., Opio, K.C., Kambugu, A., et al. (2008) The spectrum of liver diseases in HIV infected individuals at an HIV treatment clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Afr. Health Sci., 8 (1), 8–12.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Patel, M.N., Beningfield, S., Burch, V. (2011) Abdominal and pericardial ultrasound in suspected extrapulmonary or disseminated tuberculosis. S. Afr. Med. J., 101 (1), 39–42.
10.7196/SAMJ.4201
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Reichel, C., Theisen, A., Rockstroh, J.K., Muller-Miny, H., Spengler, U., Sauerbruch, T. (1996) Splenic abscesses and abdominal tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. Z. Gastroenterol., 34 (8), 494–496.
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Sculier, D., Vannarith, C., Pe, R., Thai, S., Kanara, N., Borann, S., et al. (2010) Performance of abdominal ultrasound for diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons living in Cambodia. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 55 (4), 500–502.
10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181e6a703
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Sinkala, E., Gray, S., Zulu, I., Mudenda, V., Zimba, L., Vermund, S.H., et al. (2009) Clinical and ultrasonographic features of abdominal tuberculosis in HIV positive adults in Zambia. BMC Infect. Dis., 9, 44.
10.1186/1471-2334-9-44
PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
Training in diagnostic ultrasound: Essentials, principles and standards (1998) Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ. Tech. Rep. Ser., 875, i–46; back cover.
PubMed Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2007) Treatment of Tuberculosis Guidelines (2007), pp. 1–144.
Google Scholar
World Health Organization (2009) WHO global TB control report. Contract No.: WHO/HTM/TB/2009.411.
Google Scholar

Emergency Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound, Second Edition

Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Human Immune-Deficiency Virus (HIV) and Tuberculosis (TB) Co-Infection

The FASH Scan

Summary

Further Reading

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley