Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Empirically Supported Treatment and the Movement to Empirically Supported Practice
Jesse R. Cougle
Search for more papers by this authorMelanie A. Hom
Search for more papers by this authorNatalie L. Matheny
Search for more papers by this authorJesse R. Cougle
Search for more papers by this authorMelanie A. Hom
Search for more papers by this authorNatalie L. Matheny
Search for more papers by this authorDean McKay
Search for more papers by this authorJonathan S. Abramowitz
Search for more papers by this authorEric A. Storch
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter reviews issues related to the dissemination of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), including barriers and potential solutions. Survey of psychologists who treat eating disorders found that 39% endorsed CBT as their primary treatment approach, while a majority of the sample indicated that they used CBT techniques “always” or “often”. Another investigation found that fewer than 20% of psychologists reported using exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and supportive counseling was cited as the therapy most often used for PTSD in a separate study. Standard CBT for anxiety and mood disorders typically requires a certain level of effort from patients and a willingness on their part to confront distressing thoughts and situations. Homework often involves completing worksheets or conducting different exercises. Developing and evaluating novel methods of treatment delivery may also help increase access to evidence-based care.
References
-
Addis, M. E. (2006). Methods for disseminating research products and increasing evidence-based practice: Promises, obstacles, and future directions. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(4), 367–378. doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.4.367
10.1093/clipsy.9.4.367 Google Scholar
- Addis, M. E., Wade, W. A., & Hatgis, C. (1999). Barriers to dissemination of evidence-based practices: Addressing practitioners’ concerns about manual-based psychotherapies. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6(4), 430–441. doi:10.1093/clipsy.6.4.430
- Amir, N., & Taylor, C. T. (2012). Combining computerized home-based treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: an attention modification program and cognitive behavioral therapy. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 546–559. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.12.008
- Baker, T. B., McFall, R. M., & Shoham, V. (2008). Current status and future prospects of clinical psychology: Toward a scientifically principled approach to mental and behavioral health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(2), 67–103. doi:10.1111/j.1539–6053.2009.01036.x
-
Barlow, D. H., Farchione, T. J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Boisseau, C. L., Allen, L. B., & May, J. T. E. (2010). Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Therapist guide. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
10.1093/med:psych/9780199772667.001.0001 Google Scholar
- Becker, C. B., Zayfert, C., & Anderson, E. (2004). A survey of psychologists’ attitudes towards and utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(3), 277–292. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00138-4
- Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). Positive psychology interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health, 13, 119. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-119
- Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive–behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(1), 17–31. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003
- Clark, D. M. (2011). Implementing NICE guidelines for the psychological treatment of depression and anxiety disorders: the IAPT experience. International Review of Psychiatry, 23(4), 318–327. doi:10.3109/09540261.2011.606803
- Clark, D. M., Layard, R., Smithies, R., Richards, D. A., Suckling, R., & Wright, B. (2009). Improving access to psychological therapy: Initial evaluation of two UK demonstration sites. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(11), 910–920. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.010
- Community and Mental Health Team, Health and Social Care Information Centre. (2014). Psychological therapies: Annual report on the use of IAPT services: England—2013/14 . Retrieved from http://digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB19098/psyc-ther-ann-rep-2014-15.pdf
- Consumer Reports. (1995, November). Mental health: Does therapy help? Consumer Reports.
- Cougle, J. R. (2012). What makes a quality therapy? A consideration of parsimony, ease, and efficiency. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 468–481. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.12.007
- Craske, M. G., Rose, R. D., Lang, A., Welch, S. S., Campbell-Sills, L., Sullivan, G., … Roy-Byrne, P. P. (2009). Computer-assisted delivery of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders in primary-care settings. Depression and Anxiety, 26(3), 235–242. doi:10.1002/da.20542
-
Crow, S., Mussell, M. P., Peterson, C., Knopke, A., & Mitchell, J. (1999). Prior treatment received by patients with bulimia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25(1), 39–44. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098–108x(199901)25:1 < 39::aid-eat5 > 3.0.co;2-w
10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199901)25:1<39::AID-EAT5>3.0.CO;2-W CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- Duckworth, A. L., Steen, T. A., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Positive psychology in clinical practice. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 629–651. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144154
-
Ehlers, A., Gene-Cos, N., & Perrin, S. (2009). Low recognition of posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. London Journal of Primary Care, 2, 36–42.
10.1080/17571472.2009.11493240 Google Scholar
- Freiheit, S. R., Vye, C., Swan, R., & Cady, M. (2004). Cognitive–behavioral therapy for anxiety: Is dissemination working? Behavior Therapist, 27(2), 25–32.
- Gallo, K. P., Comer, J. S., & Barlow, D. H. (2013). Direct-to-consumer marketing of psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27(8), 793–801. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.03.005
- Gallo, K. P., Comer, J. S., Barlow, D. H., Clarke, R. N., & Antony, M. M. (2015). Direct-to-consumer marketing of psychological treatments: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. doi:10.1037/a0039470
- Gino, F., & Desai, S. D. (2012). Memory lane and morality: How childhood memories promote prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(4), 743–758. doi:10.1037/a0026565
- Gyani, A., Shafran, R., Layard, R., & Clark, D. M. (2013). Enhancing recovery rates: Lessons from year one of IAPT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51(9), 597–606. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.06.004
- Harris Interactive. (2004). Therapy in America 2004. Retrieved from http://www.harrisinteractive.com/industries/pubs/Pacificare_Behavioral_Health_Psychology_Today.pdf (June 13, 2005)
- Harvey, A. G., & Gumport, N. B. (2015). Evidence-based psychological treatments for mental disorders: Modifiable barriers to access and possible solutions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 68, 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.02.004
- Hembree, E. A., Foa, E. B., Dorfan, N. M., Street, G. P., Kowalski, J., & Tu, X. (2003). Do patients drop out prematurely from exposure therapy for PTSD? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(6), 555–562. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000004078.93012.7d
- Hipol, L. J., & Deacon, B. J. (2013). Dissemination of evidence-based practices for anxiety disorders in Wyoming: A survey of practicing psychotherapists. Behavior Modification, 37(2), 170–188. doi:10.1177/0145445512458794
- Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427–440. doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9476-1
- Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008). Cognitive–behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(4), 621–632.
- Hollon, S. D., Stewart, M. O., & Strunk, D. (2006). Enduring effects for cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 285–315. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190044
- Karlin, B. E., Brown, G. K., Trockel, M., Cunning, D., Zeiss, A. M., & Barr, T. C. (2012). National dissemination of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System: Therapist and patient-level outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 8, 707–718. doi:10.1037/a0029328
- Karlin, B. E., Ruzek, J. I., Chard, K. M., Eftekhari, A., Monson, C. M., Hembree, E. A., … Foa, E. B. (2010). Dissemination of evidence-based psychological treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder in the Veterans Health Administration. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(6), 663–673. doi: 10.1002/jts.20588
- Kazdin, A. E., & Blase, S. L. (2011). Rebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 21–37. doi:10.1177/1745691610393527
- Lilienfeld, S. O., Ritschel, L. A., Lynn, S. J., Cautin, R. L., & Latzman, R. D. (2013). Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: Root causes and constructive remedies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(7), 883–900. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.008
- Mazzucchelli, T., Kane, R., & Rees, C. (2009). Behavioral activation treatments for depression in adults: A meta-analysis and review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 16(4), 383–411. doi:10.1111/j.1468–2850.2009.01178.x
- McHugh, R. K., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). The dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments. American Psychologist, 65(2), 73–84. doi:10.1037/a0018121
-
Mussell, M. P., Crosby, R. D., Crow, S. J., Knopke, A. J., Peterson, C. B., Wonderlich, S. A., & Mitchell, J. E. (2000). Utilization of empirically supported psychotherapy treatments for individuals with eating disorders: A survey of psychologists. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27(2), 230–237. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200003)27:2 < 230::aid-eat11 > 3.0.co;2-0
10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(200003)27:2<230::AID-EAT11>3.0.CO;2-0 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2009). Depression: Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults. Clinical Guideline 90. London: Author.
- Norton, P. J. (2012). A randomized clinical trial of transdiagnostic cognitve-behavioral treatments for anxiety disorder by comparison to relaxation training. Behavior Therapy, 43(3), 506–517. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.08.011
- Pfeiffer, P. N., Heisler, M., Piette, J. D., Rogers, M. A. M., & Valenstein, M. (2011). Efficacy of peer support interventions for depression: A meta-analysis. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33(1), 29–36. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.10.002
- Rakovshik, S. G., & McManus, F. (2010). Establishing evidence-based training in cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of current empirical findings and theoretical guidance. Clinical Psychology Review. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.004
- Reinecke, M. A., Ryan, N. E., & DuBois, D. L. (1998). Cognitive–behavioral therapy of depression and depressive symptoms during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(1), 26–34. doi:10.1097/00004583-199801000-00013
- Shafran, R., Clark, D. M., Fairburn, C. G., Arntz, A., Barlow, D. H., Ehlers, A., … Wilson, G. T. (2009). Mind the gap: Improving the dissemination of CBT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(11), 902–909. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.07.003
- Stewart, R. E., & Chambless, D. L. (2009). Cognitive–behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders in clinical practice: A meta-analysis of effectiveness studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(4), 595–606. doi:10.1037/a0016032
- Stewart, R. E., Stirman, S. W., & Chambless, D. L. (2012). A qualitative investigation of practicing psychologists’ attitudes toward research-informed practice: Implications for dissemination strategies. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(2), 100–109. doi:10.1037/a0025694
- Stobie, B., Taylor, T., Quigley, A., Ewing, S., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2007). “Contents May Vary”: A pilot study of treatment histories of OCD patients. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 35(3), 273. doi:10.1017/S135246580700358X
- Szymanski, J. (2012). Using direct-to-consumer marketing strategies with obsessive–compulsive disorder in the nonprofit sector. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 251–256. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.05.005
- Tolin, D. F. (2010). Is cognitive–behavioral therapy more effective than other therapies? A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 710–720. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.003
- Waller, G., Stringer, H., & Meyer, C. (2012). What cognitive behavioral techniques do therapists report using when delivering cognitive behavioral therapy for the eating disorders? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(1), 171–175. doi:10.1037/a0026559
- Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 629–640. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.629
- Weissman, M. M., Verdeli, H., Gameroff, M. J., Bledsoe, S. E., Betts, K., Mufson, L., … Wickramaratne, P. (2006). National survey of psychotherapy training in psychiatry, psychology, and social work. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63(8), 925–934. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.925
-
Weisz, J. R., Ng, M. Y., & Bearman, S. K. (2014). Odd couple? Reenvisioning the relation between science and practice in the dissemination–implementation era. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(1), 58–74. doi:10.1177/2167702613501307
10.1177/2167702613501307 Google Scholar
- Weisz, J. R., Southam-Gerow, M. A., Gordis, E. B., Connor-Smith, J. K., Chu, B. C., Langer, D. A., … Weiss, B. (2009). Cognitive–behavioral therapy versus usual clinical care for youth depression: An initial test of transportability to community clinics and clinicians. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 383–396. doi:10.1037/a0013877
- Weisz, J. R., Ugueto, A. M., Cheron, D. M., & Herren, J. (2013). Evidence-based youth psychotherapy in the mental health ecosystem. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(2), 274–286. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.764824
- Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975–993. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975
- Williams, A. D., Blackwell, S. E., Mackenzie, A., Holmes, E. A., & Andrews, G. (2013). Combining imagination and reason in the treatment of depression: A randomized controlled trial of internet-based cognitive-bias modification and internet-CBT for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(5), 793–799. doi:10.1037/a0033247