This chapter presents a series of case studies with multiple choice questions and answers on renal cancer. It commences with a disclosure on the genetic mutations that are commonly found in clear cell renal cancer, and ends with the discussion on renal cancers that has a natural history and management most similar to those of nonrenal urinary tract cancers. The chapter also discusses on trials that has the best biologic rationale, factors that characterizes the prognosis of the patient with hematuria and sudden-onset flank pain, and the factors that accurately describes the genetic work-up for localized renal cancer.