Diets of past humans and nonhuman primates may be reconstructed on the basis of evidence from bones and teeth. Tooth wear, craniofacial morphology, oral health, biochemical signatures, and paleopathology all offer different, complementary lines of evidence into past diets that differ in their specificity and directness. Different dietary indicators reflect aspects of foods' texture, macronutrient composition, relative proportions, and nutritional adequacy, and sometimes reveal specific ingredients in the diet. With knowledge of past diet, aspects of evolution, subsistence, and inequality among extinct and ancient populations may be understood.