The traditional picture of Republican agriculture is one characterized by upheaval and warfare. The Punic Wars and the Gracchan agrarian reforms are key events in the history of Italian agriculture, but these crisis periods are not the full story. Roman farming prioritized high-status investment farming and led to generalized narratives of agricultural production. This chapter focuses on the landscapes and agricultural systems in place in this highly transitional period, concentrating primarily on the central and southern Italian regions. Before discussing Republican agricultural practice, it is necessary to frame the environment in which rural activities were taking place. Landscape variation leads to differences in agricultural exploitation, due not just to topography, but also soil quality and drainage capability. From the Early to Late Republic, Italy employed a huge variety of exploitation strategies adapted to unique local environments and socio-economic conditions.