Chapter 4
Measurement of Peptide Hormones
Martin Bidlingmaier,
Zida Wu, Christian J. Strasburger,
Martin Bidlingmaier
Search for more papers by this authorChristian J. Strasburger
Search for more papers by this authorMartin Bidlingmaier,
Zida Wu, Christian J. Strasburger,
Martin Bidlingmaier
Search for more papers by this authorChristian J. Strasburger
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):William J. Kraemer,
Alan D. Rogol,
William J. Kraemer
Search for more papers by this authorAlan D. Rogol
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains section titled:
-
Introduction
-
General aspects of immunoassay methods
-
Technical aspects of immunoassay technology and its implications
-
Standardization of immunoassays
-
Peptide hormone measurements in doping tests
-
Specific aspects in doping analytics
-
Conclusions
-
References
References
- Annesley, T. M. (2003) Ion suppression in mass spectrometry. Clinical Chemistry 49 (7), 1041–1044.
- Armanini, D., Faggian, D., Scaroni, C. & Plebani, M. (2002) Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in a Sydney Olympic gold medallist. British Journal of Sports Medicine 36 (2), 148–149.
- Ashenden, M. J., Gore, C. J., Parisotto, R. et al. (2003) Effect of altitude on second-generation blood tests to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes. Haematologica 88 (9), 1053–1062.
- Baumann, G. (1999) Growth hormone heterogeneity in human pituitary and plasma. Hormone Research 51 (suppl. 1), 2–6.
- Baumann, G., Amburn, K. & Shaw, M. A. (1988) The circulating growth hormone (GH)-binding protein complex: a major constituent of plasma GH in man. Endocrinology 122 (3), 976–984.
- Bidlingmaier, M., Wu, Z. & Strasburger, C. J. (2000) Test method: GH. Bailliere's Best Practice and Research. Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 14 (1), 99–109.
- Bidlingmaier, M., Wu, Z. & Strasburger, C. J. (2003) Problems with GH doping in sports. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 26, 924–931.
- Binz, P. A., Hochstrasser, D. F. & Appel, R. D. (2003) Mass spectrometry-based proteomics: current status and potential use in clinical chemistry. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 41 (12), 1540–1551.
- Birkeland, K. I. & Hemmersbach, P. (1999) The future of doping control in athletes. Issues related to blood sampling. Sports Medicine (Auckland, NZ) 28 (1), 25–33.
- Birken, S., Kovalevskaya, G. & O'Connor, J. (1996) Metabolism of hCG and hLH to multiple urinary forms. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 125 (1–2), 121–131.
- Birken, S., Berger, P., Bidart, J. M. et al. (2003) Preparation and characterization of new WHO reference reagents for human chorionic gonadotropin and metabolites. Clinical Chemistry 49 (1), 144–154.
- Black, R. S. & Bowers, L. D. (2000) Mass spectrometric characterization of the (3-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. Methods in Molecular Biology 146, 337–354.
- Boguszewski, C. L. (2003) Molecular heterogeneity of human GH: from basic research to clinical implications. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 26 (3), 274–288.
- Bowers, L. D. (1997) Analytical advances in detection of performance-enhancing compounds. Clinical Chemistry 43 (7), 1299–1304.
- Breidbach, A., Catlin, D. H., Green, G. A. et al. (2003) Detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in urine by isoelectric focusing. Clinical Chemistry 49(6 Pt. 1), 901–907.
- Catlin, D. H., Breidbach, A. Elliott, S. & Glaspy, J. (2002) Comparison of the isoelectric focusing patterns of darbepoetin alfa, recombinant human erythropoietin, and endogenous erythropoietin from human urine. Clinical Chemistry 48 (11), 2057–2059.
- Cole, L. A. (1997) Immunoassay of human chorionic gonadotropin, its free subunits, and metabolites. Clinical Chemistry 43 (12), 2233–2243.
- Cole, L. A. & Kardana, A. (1992) Discordant results in human chorionic gonadotropin assays. Clinical Chemistry 38 (2), 263–270.
- Cole, L. A., Shahabi, S., Butler, S. A. et al. (2001) Utility of commonly used commercial human chorionic gonadotropin immunoassays in the diagnosis and management of trophoblastic diseases. Clinical Chemistry 47 (2), 308–315.
- Dall, R., Longobardi, S., Ehrnborg, C. et al. (2000) The effect of 4 weeks of supraphysiological growth hormone administration on the insulin-like growth factor axis in women and men. GH-2000 Study Group. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 (11), 4193–4200.
- De Frutos, M., Cifuentes, A. & Diez-Masa, J. C. (2003) Differences in capillary electrophoresis profiles of urinary and recombinant erythropoietin. Electrophoresis 24 (4), 678–680.
- Ehrnborg, C. Lange, K. H., Dall, R. et al. (2003) The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I axis hormones and bone markers in elite athletes in response to a maximum exercise test. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 (1), 394–401.
- Ekins, R. (1991) Immunoassay standardization. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. Supplementum 205, 33–46.
- Emerson, J. F., Ngo, G. & Emerson, S. S. (2003) Screening for interference in immunoassays. Clinical Chemistry 49 (7), 1163–1169.
- Fisker, S. & Orskov, H. (1996) Factors modifying growth hormone estimates in immunoassays. Hormone Research 46 (4–5), 183–187.
- Gam, L. H., Tham, S. Y. & Latiff, A. (2003) Immunoaffinity extraction and tandem mass spectrometric analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin in doping analysis. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 792 (2), 187–196.
- Gore, C. J., Parisotto, R., Ashenden M. J. et al. (2003) Second-generation blood tests to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes. Haematologica 88 (3), 333–344.
- Hashimoto, Y., Ikeda, I., Ikeda, M. et al. (1998) Construction of a specific and sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay for 20 kDa human growth hormone. Journal of Immunological Methods 221 (1–2), 77–85.
- Hilderbrand, R. L., Wanninger, R. & Bowers, L. D. (2003) An update on regulatory issues in antidoping programs in sport. Current Sports Medicine Reports 2 (4), 226–232.
- Kast, J., Parker, C. E., van der Drift, K. et al. (2003) Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization directed nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis for protein identification. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 17 (16), 1825–1834.
- Kazlauskas, R., Howe, C. & Trout, G. (2002) Strategies for rhEPO detection in sport. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 12 (4), 229–235.
- Kricka, L. J. (1999) Human anti-animal antibody interferences in immunological assays. Clinical Chemistry 45 (7), 942–956.
- Lasne, F. (2001) Double-blotting: a solution to the problem of non-specific binding of secondary antibodies in immunoblotting procedures. Journal of Immunological Methods 253 (1–2), 125–131.
- Lasne, F. (2003) Double-blotting: a solution to the problem of nonspecific binding of secondary antibodies in immunoblotting procedures. Journal of Immunological Methods 276 (1–2), 223–226.
- Lasne, F. & de Ceaurriz, J. (2000) Recombinant erythropoietin in urine. Nature 405 (6787), 635.
- Lasne, F., Martin, L., Crepin, N. & de Ceaurriz, J. (2002) Detection of isoelectric profiles of erythropoietin in urine: differentiation of natural and administered recombinant hormones. Analytical Biochemistry 311 (2), 119–126.
- Le Roith, D., Bondy, C., Yakar, S., Liu, J. L. & Butler, A. (2001) The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001. Endocrine Reviews 22 (1), 53–74.
- Leung, K. C., Howe, C., Gui, L. Y. et al. (2002) Physiological and pharmacological regulation of 20-kDa growth hormone. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 283 (4), E836–843.
- Liu, C. & Bowers, L. D. (1997) Mass spectrometric characterization of nicked fragments of the p-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. Clinical Chemistry 43 (7), 1172–1181.
- Longobardi, S., Keay, N., Ehrnborg, C. et al. (2000) Growth hormone (GH) effects on bone and collagen turnover in healthy adults and its potential as a marker of GH abuse in sports: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. The GH-2000 Study Group. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 (4), 1505–1512.
- Lottersberger, C., Hoermann, R., Mann, K., Schwarz, S. & Berger, P. (2003) Tumor-and pregnancy-derived isoforms of human chorionic gonadotropin: biological and diagnostic relevance. Hormone Research 59 (3), 125–134.
- Nagy, A. M., Meuris, S. & Robyn, C. (1994) Origin and significance of the heterogeneity of protein hormones. Nuclear Medicine and Biology 21 (3), 317–330.
- O'Connor, J. F., Kovalevskaya, G. & Birken, S. (1999) Interference of luteinizing hormone (3-core fragment in urinary gonadotropin assays. Clinical Chemistry 45 (12), 2290–2292.
- Parisotto, R., Wu, M., Ashenden, M. J. et al. (2001) Detection of recombinant human erythropoietin abuse in athletes utilizing markers of altered erythropoiesis. Haematologica 86 (2), 128–137.
- Parisotto, R., Ashenden, M. J., Gore, C. J. et al. (2003) The effect of common hematologic abnormalities on the ability of blood models to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes. Haematologica 88 (8), 931–940.
- Park, A., Edwards, M., Donaldson, M., Ghatei, M. & Meeran, K. (2003) Lesson of the week: interfering antibodies affecting immunoassays in woman with pet rabbits. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 326 (7388), 541–542.
- Preissner, C. M., O'Kane, D. J., Singh, R. J., Morris, J. C. & Grebe, S. K. G. (2003) Phantoms in the assay tube: heterophile antibody interferences in serum thyroglobulin assays. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 (7), 3069–3074.
- Quarmby, V., Quan, C., Ling, V., Compton, P. & Canova-Davis, E. (1998) How much insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) circulates' Impact of standardization on IGF-I assay accuracy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 (4), 1211–1216.
- Ranke, M. B., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Bang, P. et al. (2001) How should insulin-like growth factor I be measured' A consensus statement. Hormone Research 55 (suppl. 2), 106–109.
- Rice, K. G., Takahashi, N., Namiki, Y. et al. (1992) Quantitative mapping of the N-linked sialyloligosaccharides of recombinant erythropoietin, combination of direct high-performance anion-exchange chromatography and 2-aminopyridine derivatization. Analytical Biochemistry 206 (2), 278–287.
- Roger, M. & Lalhou, N. (1994) Heterogeneity of plasma gonadotropins. Consequences on immunological properties of LH. Nuclear Medicine and Biology 21 (3), 349–357.
- Sasaki, H., Bothner, B., Dell, A. & Fukuda, M. (1987) Carbohydrate structure of erythropoietin expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells by a human erythropoietin cDNA. Journal of Biological Chemistry 262 (25), 12059–12076.
- Saugy, M., Cardis, C., Schweizer, C., Veuthey, J. L. & Rivier, L. (1996) Detection of human growth hormone doping in urine: out of competition tests are necessary. Journal of Chromatography. B, Biomedical Applications 687 (1), 201–211.
- Sharpe, K., Hopkins, W., Emslie, K. R. et al. (2002) Development of reference ranges in elite athletes for markers of altered erythropoiesis. Haematologica 87 (12), 1248–1257.
- Souillard, A., Audran, M., Bressolle, F. et al. (1996) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human erythropoietin in athletes. Blood sampling and doping control. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 42 (3), 355–364.
- Stenman, U. H., Unkila-Kallio, L., Korhonen, J. & Alfthan, H. (1997) Immunoprocedures for detecting human chorionic gonadotropin: clinical aspects and doping control. Clinical Chemistry 43 (7), 1293–1298.
- Strasburger, C. J., Wu, Z., Pflaum, C.D. & Dressendorfer, R. A. (1996) Immunofunctional assay of human growth hormone (hGH) in serum: a possible consensus for quantitative hGH measurement. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81 (7), 2613–2620.
- Strasburger, C. J., Bidlingmaier, M., Wu, Z. & Morrison, K. M. (2001) Normal values of insulin-like growth factor I and their clinical utility in adults. Hormone Research 55 (suppl. 2), 100–105.
- Tsushima, T., Katoh, Y., Miyachi, Y. et al. (1999) Serum concentration of 20 K human growth hormone (20 K hGH) measured by a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Study Group of 20 K hGH. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 (1), 317–322.
- Wallace, J. D., Cuneo, R. C., Baxter, R. et al. (1999) Responses of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor axis to exercise, GH administration, and GH withdrawal in trained adult males: a potential test for GH abuse in sport. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 (10), 3591–3601.
- Wallace, J. D., Cuneo, R. C., Lundberg, P. A. et al. (2000). Responses of markers of bone and collagen turnover to exercise, growth hormone (GH) administration, and GH withdrawal in trained adult males. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85 (1), 124–133.
- Wallace, J. D., Cuneo, R. C., Bidlingmaier, M. (2001a) Changes in non-22-kilodalton (kDa) isoforms of growth hormone (GH) after administration of 22-kDa recombinant human GH in trained adult males. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 (4), 1731–1737.
- Wallace, J. D., Cuneo, R. C., Bidlingmaier, M. (2001b) The response of molecular isoforms of growth hormone to acute exercise in trained adult males. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 (1), 200–206.
- Wide, L., Bengtsson, C., Berglund, B. & Ekblom, B. (1995) Detection in blood and urine of recombinant erythropoietin administered to healthy men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27 (11), 1569–1576.
- Wood, P. (2001) Growth hormone: its measurement and the need for assay harmonization. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry 38 (Pt. 5), 471–482.
- Wu, S. L., Amato, H., Biringer, R. et al. (2002) Targeted proteomics of low-level proteins in human plasma by LC/MSn: using human growth hormone as a model system. Journal of Proteome Research 1 (5), 459–465.
- Wu, Z., Bidlingmaier, M., Dall, R. & Strasburger, C. J. (1999) Detection of doping with human growth hormone. Lancet 353 (9156), 895.
