Chapter 17
Tissue-Inhabiting Protozoans: Hepatozoon spp. and Hepatozoonosis
Thomas M. Craig,
Thomas M. Craig
Search for more papers by this authorThomas M. Craig,
Thomas M. Craig
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):William M. Samuel Ph.D.,
Margo J. Pybus Ph.D.,
A. Alan Kocan Ph.D.,
William M. Samuel Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Alberta
Search for more papers by this authorMargo J. Pybus Ph.D.
Wildlife Disease Specialist
Alberta Natural Resources Service-Fisheries and Wildlife
Search for more papers by this authorA. Alan Kocan Ph.D.
Professor of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine at Oklahoma State University
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
This chapter contains section titled:
-
Introduction
-
Etiologic Agents
-
Life History
-
Epizootiology
-
Clinical Signs and Pathology
-
Immunity
-
Diagnosis
-
Control and Treatment
-
Public Health Concerns
-
Domestic Animal Health Concerns and Management Implications
-
Literature Cited
Literature Cited
- Alencar N. X., A. A. Kohayagawa, and V. A. Santaren. 1997. Hepatozoon canis infection in a crab—eating fox (Cerdo—cydon thous) from Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology 70: 279–282.
- Baneth, G., V., Shkap, B. Z. Presemtey, and E. Pipano. 1996. Hepatozoon canis: The prevalence of antibodies and gametocytes in dogs in Israel. Veterinary Research Communications 20: 41–46.
- Basson, P. A., R. M., McCully, R. D. Bigalke, and J. W. Van Niekerk. 1967. Observations on a Hepatozoon—like parasite in the impala. Journal of the South African Veterinary Medical Association 38: 12–16.
- Basson, P. A., R. M., McCully, S. P. Kruger, J. W. Van Niekerk, E. Young, V. Devos, M. E. Keep, and H. Ebedes. 1971. Disease and conditions of game in southern Africa. Recent miscellaneous findings. Veterinary Medical Review 2/3: 313–340.
- Bentley, C. A., 1905. Preliminary note upon a Leukocytozoon of the dog. British Medical Journal 1: 988.
- Brocklesby, D. W., 1971. Illustrations of a Hepatozoon species in the heart of a lion. Journal Zoological Society of London 164: 525–528.
- Brocklesby, D. W., and B. O. Vidler. 1963. Some new host records for Hepatozoon species in Kenya. The Veterinary Record 75: 1265.
- Carlos, E. T., F. B., Cruz, and C. C. Cabiles. 1971. Hepatozoon sp. in the WBC of a human patient. University of the Philippines Veterinarian 15: 5–7.
- Christophers, S. R., 1905. Haemogregarina gerbilli. Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India 18: 1–15.
- Christophers, S. R., 1906. Leukocytozoon canis. Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India 26: 1–18.
- Clark, G. M., 1958. Hepatozoon griseisciuri n. sp. in a new species of Hepatozoon from the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gnelin, 1788), with studies on the life cycle. The Journal of Parasitology 44: 52–63.
- Clark, K. A., R. M., Robinson, L. L. Weishuhn, T. J. Galvin, and K. Horvath. 1973. Hepatozoon procyonis infections in Texas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 9: 182.
-
Coles, A. C.,
1914.
Blood parasites found in mammals, birds and fishes in England.
Parasitology
7:
17–61.
10.1017/S0031182000006284 Google Scholar
- Conceicao-Silva, F. M., P., Abranches, M. C.D. Silv-Pereira, and J. G. Janz. 1988. Hepatozoonisis in foxes from Portugal. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24: 344–347.
- Craig, T. M., L. P., Jones, and R. M. Nordgren. 1984. Diagnosis of Hepatozoon canis by muscle biopsy. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 20: 301–303.
- Davidson, W. R., and J. P. Calpin. 1976. Hepatozoon griseisci—uri infection in gray squirrels of the southeastern United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 12: 72–76.
-
Davis, D. S.,
R. M., Robinson, and
T. M. Craig.
1978.
Naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in a coyote.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases
14:
44–246.
10.7589/0090-3558-14.2.244 Google Scholar
- Desser, S. S., 1990. Tissue “cysts” of Hepatozoon griseisciuri in the grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinesis: The significance of these cysts in species of Hepatozoon. The Journal of Parasitology 76: 257–259.
- Dubey, J. P., and O. Bwangamoi. 1994. Microbesnoitia leoni Bwangamoi, 1989, from the African lion (Panthera leo) redetermined as a junior synonym of Hepatozoon canis (James, 1905) Wenyon, 1926. The Journal of Parasitol—ogy 80: 333–334.
- Ezeokoli, C. D., B., Ogunkoya, R. Abullahi, L. B. Tekdek, A. Sannusi, and A. A. Ilemobade. 1983. Clinical and epi—demiological studies on canine hepatozoonosis in Zaria, Nigeria. Journal of Small Animal Practice 24: 455–460.
- Von Geisel O., H. E. Krampitz, and A. Pospischil. 1979. Zur Pathomorphologie eina Hepatozoon infektion bei Musteliden. Berlin Münchener Tierärztlichen Wochen—schrift 92: 421–425.
- Hoogstraal, H., 1961. The life cycle and incidence of Hepato—zoon balfouri (Laveran, 1905) in Egyptian Jerboas (Jac—ulus spp.) and mites (Haemolaelaps aegyptius Keegan, 1956). The Journal of Protozoology 8: 231–248.
- Keep, M. E., 1970. Hepatozoonosis in some wild animals in Zululand. Lammergeyer 12: 70–71.
- Keymer, I. F., 1971. Blood protozoa of wild carnivores in central Africa. Journal Zoological Society of London 164: 513–524.
- Killick-Kendrick, R., 1984. Parasitic protozoa of the blood of rodents. VI. Two new hemogregarines of the pigmy flying squirrel Idiurus macrotis (Rodentia: Theridomy—omorpha: Anomaluridae) in West Africa. The Journal of Protozoology 3: 532–535.
- Klopfer, U., T. A., Nobel, and F. Neumann. 1973. Hepatozoon—like parasite (schizonts) in the myocardium of the domestic cat. Veterinary Pathology 10: 185–190.
- Krampitz, H. E., 1981. Development of Hepatozoon erher—dovae. Krampitz, 1964 (Protozoa: Haemogregarinidae) in experimental mammalian and arthropod hosts. II. Sexual development in fleas and sporozoite indices in xen— odiagnosis. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 75: 155–157.
- Krampitz, H. E., 1982. Long term experimental research of Hepato—zoon species in rodents: Taxonomic and phyletic considerations. 5th International Congress for Parasitology Toronto, August.
-
Krampitz, H. E., and
A. Haberkorn.
1988.
Experimental treatment of Hepatozoon infections with the anticoccidial agent Toltrazuril.
Journal of Veterinary Medicine
B35:
131–137.
10.1111/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00478.x Google Scholar
- Krampitz, H. E., R., Sachs, G. B. Schaller, and R. Schindler. 1968. Sur verbreitung von Parcesiten der guttug Hepato—zoon Miller, 1908 (Protozoa, Adeleidae) in Ostrafrikanis—chen wildsaugetieren. Zeitschreift für Parasitenkunde 31: 203–210.
- Laird, M., 1959. Malayan protozoa 2. Hepatozoon Miller (Sporozoa: Coccidia), with and unusual host record for H. canis (James). The Journal of Protozoology 6: 316–319.
- Lane, J. R., and A. A. Kocan. 1983. Hepatozoon sp. infection in bobcats. Journal American Veterinary Medical Association 183: 1323–1324.
- Levine, N. D., 1982. Some corrections in haemogregarines (Apicomplexa: Protozoa) Nomenclature. The Journal of Protozoology 29: 601–603.
- Maede, Y., T., Ohsugi, and N. Ohotaoshi. 1982. Hepatozoon infection in a wild fox (Vulpes vulpes schrencki Kishida) in Japan. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 44: 137–142.
- McCully, R. M., P. A., Basson, R. D. Bigalke, V. De Vos, and E. Young. 1975. Observations on naturally acquired hepato—zoonosis of wild carnivores and dogs in the Republic of South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 42: 117–134.
- Mercer, S. H., L. P., Jones, J. H. Rappole, D. Twedt, L. L. Laack, and T. M. Craig. 1988. Hepatozoon sp. in wild carnivores in Texas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 24: 574–576.
- Miller, W. W., 1908. Hepatozoon perniciosum (N. G., N. Sp.)–— A Haemogregarine pathogenic for white rats; with a description of the sexual cycle in the intermediate host, a mite (Lelaps echidninus Berlese). Public Health and Marine Hospital Service of United States, Bulletin 46.
- Murata, T., K., Shimoda, M. Inoue, K. Shiramizu, M. Kanoe, Y. Taura, and S. Nakama. 1993a. Seasonal periodical appearance of Hepatozoon canis gamont in the peripheral blood. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 55: 877–879.
- Murata, T., M., Inoue, S. Tateyama, Y. Taura, and S. Nakama. 1993b. Vertical transmission of Hepatozoon canis in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 55: 867–868.
- Novilla, M. A., J. W., Carpenter, and R. P. Kwapein. 1980. Dual infection of Siberian polecats with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Hepatozoon mustelis n. sp. In Symposium on the comparative pathology of zoo animals. National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Ed. R. J. Montali. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 353–363.
-
Nuttal, G. H.F,
1910.
On haematozoa occurring in wild animals in Africa.
Parasitology
3:
108–116.
10.1017/S0031182000001955 Google Scholar
- Ohbayashi, M., 1971. Hepatozoon sp. in Northern voles. Microtus oeconomus, on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 7: 49–51.
- Patton, W. S., 1910. Preliminary report on a new piroplasm (Piroplasma gibsoni sp. Nov.) in the blood of the hounds of the Modrashunt and subsequently discovered in the blood of the jackal (Canis aureus). Bulletin of the Society of Pathology Exotic 3: 274–281.
- Porter, A., 1908. Leucocytozoon musculi sp. n., a parasitic pro—tozoon from the blood of white mice. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 3: 703–716.
- Presidente, P. J.A., and L. H. Karstad. 1975. Hepatozoon sp. infection in mink from southwestern Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 11: 479–481.
- Richards, C. S., 1961. Hepatozoon procyonis, n. sp., from the raccoon. The Journal of Protozoology 8: 360–362.
- Schneider, C. R., 1968. Hepatozoon procyonis Richards, 1961 in a Panamanian raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus pana—mensis (Goldman). Review Biological Tropical 15: 123–135.
- Shimizu, T., N., Yasuda, I. Kono, and T. Koyama. 1987. Fatal infection of Hepatozoon—like organisms in the young captive cranes (Grus monacha). Memories of the Faculty of Agriculture Kagoshima University 23: 99–107.
- Smith, T. G., 1996. The genus Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleina). The Journal of Parasitology 82: 565–585.
- Turner, C. M.R, 1986. Seasonal and age distributions of Babe—nia, Hepatozoon, Trypanosoma, and Grahamella species in Clethrionomys glareolus and Apodenus sylvaticus populations. Parasitology 93: 279–289.
- Vincent-Johnson, N., D. K., Macintire, and G. Baneth. 1997a. Canine hepatozoonosis: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Compendium of Continuing Education 19: 51–65.
- Vincent-Johnson, N., D. K., Macintire, and G. Baneth. 1997b. A new Hepatozoon species from dogs: Description of the causative agent of canine hepatozoonosis in North America. The Journal of Parasitology 83: 1165–1172.
-
Wellman, C., and
W. B. Wherry.
1910.
Some new internal parasites of the California ground squirrel (Otspermophilus beecheyi).
Parasitology
3:
417–422.
10.1017/S0031182000002250 Google Scholar
-
Wenyon, C. M.,
1910.
Some remarks on the genus Leucocyto—zoon.
Parasitology
3:
63–72.
10.1017/S0031182000001931 Google Scholar
-
Wenyon, C. M.,
1926.
Protozoology: A manual for medical men, veterinarians, and zoologists.
London:
Bailliere, Tindall, and Cassel Ltd.,
1563 pp.
10.5962/bhl.title.7465 Google Scholar
- Wood, S. F., 1962. Blood parasites of mammals of the Cali—fornian Sierra Nevada Foothills, with special reference to Trypanosoma cruzi and Hepatozoon leptosoma sp. n. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 61: 161–176.
- Yanai, T., A., Tomita, T. Masegi, K. Ishikawa, T. Iwasake, K. Yamazoe, and K. Ueda. 1995. Histopathologic features of naturally occurring hepatozoonosis in wild martins (Martes melampus) in Japan. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31: 233–237.