New Federalism, New Freedom, and States' Rights: The Uncertain and Fragmented Direction of Public Mental Health Policy in the United States
Volume 4. The Profession of Social Work
III. Policy to Practice and Practice to Policy
King Davis,
King Davis
University of Texas—Austin, Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, School of Social Work, Austin, Texas, US
Search for more papers by this authorKing Davis,
King Davis
University of Texas—Austin, Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, School of Social Work, Austin, Texas, US
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 15 July 2008
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made within the past decade in knowledge and treatment of mental illness. Historically, mental health care has been under the aegis of state and local governments, with state general funds as the major source of support. However, recent federal reports conclude that the overall quality of these services remains fragmented and the future direction is uncertain at best. As a result, the federal government has proposed to transform mental health care systems beyond that brought about by the community mental health movement. Although state governments maintain ownership and responsibility for the level of services, the federal government has used four related financial and legal strategies to reduce historic control by the states and move them toward transformation. Tension over the extent of federalism characterizes the relationships between state and federal levels of government. The vast economic contribution of mental health services (jobs and purchases) slows the acceptance of transformation change at the state level sought by the federal government. Nationalization of existing state systems of mental health by the federal government offers a means of rapidly improving quality of mental health care and eliminating fragmentation and uncertainty.
References
- Adebimpe, V. R. (1994). Race, racism and epidemiological surveys. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45, 27–31.
- Albertsons, Inc. v. Kirkingburg, 527 U.S. 555, 143 F. 3rd. 1228 (1999).
- Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
- Althouse, A. (2001). Why talking about “states’ rights” cannot avoid the need for normative federalism analysis. Duke Law Journal, 51, 363–376.
- Altman, D. E., & Levitt, L. (2002). The sad history of health care cost containment as told in one chart. Health Affairs, 22, 83–84.
- Ambrose, S. E. (1985). Nixon: The triumph of a politician—1962–1972. (Vols. 1–2) New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Anderson, C. (1994). Black labor, White wealth: The search for power and economic justice. Edgewood, MD: Duncan and Duncan.
- Andreasen, N. C. (1997). Linking mind and brain in the study of mental illnesses: A project for a scientific psychopathology. Science, 275, 1586–1593.
- Arnoff, F. (1975). Social consequences of policy toward mental illness. Science, 188, 1277–1281.
- Babcock, J. W. (1895). The colored insane. In J. W. Babcock, (Ed.), National Conference of Charities and Corrections (pp. 184–186). Boston: National Conference of Charities and Corrections.
- Baker, L. A., & Young, E. A. (2001). Federalism and the double standard of judicial review. Duke Law Journal, 51, 143–149.
- Baseler, M. C. (1998). Asylum for mankind: America, 1607–1800. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Belknap, I. (1956). Human problems of a state mental hospital. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Berlien, I. C., & Waggoner, R. W. (1966). Selection and induction. In R. S. Anderson, A. L. Glass, R. J. Bernucci, J. B. Coates, & L. Ahnfeldt (Eds.), Neuropsychiatry in World War II (pp. 153–188). Washington, DC: Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General.
- Biegel, D. E., Milligan, S. E., Putnam, P. L., & Song, L. Y. (1994). Predictors of burden among lower socioeconomic status caregivers with chronic mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 30, 473–494.
- Blanton, W. B. (1931). Medicine in Virginia in the eighteenth century. Richmond, VA: Garett and Massie.
- Boyd, E. (2006). American federalism, 1776 to 1997: Significant events. Available from http://usinfo.state.gov.usa/infousa/politics/states/federal.htm.
- Breeden, J. O. (1976). States rights medicine in the old South. Journal of Southern History, 25, 53–72.
- Brill, N. Q., & Kupper, H. I. (1966). The psychiatric patient after discharge. In R. S. Anderson, A. J. Glass, R. J. Bernucci, J. B. Coates, & L. Ahnfeldt (Eds.), Neuropsychiatry in World War II (pp. 735–759). Washington, DC: Department of the Army, Office of the Surgeon General.
- Brody, E. B. (1966). Psychiatry and prejudice. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American handbook of psychiatry (p. 3). New York: Basic Books.
- Brown, G. O. (1887, August 9). Letter to the Freedman's Bureau from General G.O. Brown requesting to rent (Bacon Tate's) land to establish Central State Hospital for African Americans [Personal correspondence]. Richmond: Virginia State Archives.
- Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
- Browne, F. F. (1914). The every-day life of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Murray.
- Burnim, I. A. (2006). The ADA's “integration mandate” should promote community services. Available from www.bazelon.org/issues/disabilityrights/incourt/olmstead/ibtest.html.
- Bush, G. W. (2006). New Freedom Commission executive order. Available from www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/04/200020429-2.html.
- Byrd, W. M., & Clayton, L. A. (2002). An American health dilemma: Race, medicine, and health care in the United States 1900–2000 (Vols. 1–2). New York: Routledge.
- Cannon, M. S., & Locke, B. Z. (1977). Being Black is detrimental to one's mental health: Myth or reality? Phylon, 38, 408–428.
- Caplan, G. (1961). An approach to community mental health. New York: Grune & Stratton.
- Carothers, J. C. (1940). Some speculations on insanity in Africans and in general. East African Medical Journal, 17, 90–105.
- Carter, J. (2006). President Carter's Commission on Mental Health. Available from www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=6643/.
- Cartwright, S. (1851). Report on the diseases and physical peculiarities of the Negro race. New Orleans Medical Surgical Journal, 7, 692–705.
-
Chandra, A., &
Skinner, J.
(2003).
Geography and racial health disparities.
Cambridge, MA:
National Bureau of Economic Research.
10.3386/w9513 Google Scholar
- Chang, K. (2006). Twelfth report and recommendation to the U.S. District Court of Hawaii. In United States of America v. State of Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: U.S. District Court.
- Close Up Foundation. (2006). Federalism. Available from www.closeup.org/federal.htm.
- Congressional Budget Office. (1999). Economic and budget outlook: Fiscal years 2000–2009. Washington, DC: Author.
- Creamer, B. (2001). Federal court puts state hospital under the gun. Honolulu Advertiser. Available from www.honoluluadvertiser.com.
- Cross, T. L., Bazron, B., Dennis, K., & Isaacs, M. (1989). Toward a culturally competent system of care. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Child Development Center.
- Dain, N. (1964). Concepts of insanity in the United States 1789–1865. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
- Dain, N. (1968). History of Eastern State Hospital. Williamsburg, VA: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
- Davis, K. (1998). Race, health status and managed health care. In F. L. Brisbane (Ed.), Special collaborative edition CSAP cultural competence series (pp. 145–163). Rockville, MD: Bureau of Primary Care, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.
- Davis, K., & Iron Cloud Two-Dogs, E. (2004). The color of social policy: Oppression of indigenous tribal populations and Africans in America. In K. Davis & T. Bent-Goodley (Eds.), The color of social policy (pp. 3–20). Alexandria, VA: Council on Social Work Education.
- Denton, T. G. (1960). Central State Hospital 1865–1960. Richmond, VA: Department of Mental Hygiene and Hospitals.
- Deutsch, A. (1948). The shame of the states. New York: Harcourt Brace.
- Deutsch, A. (1949). The mentally ill in America: A history of their care and treatment from colonial times ( 2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
- Drake, F. D. (1999). States’ rights and American federalism: A documentary history. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
- Drewry, W. F. (1916). Central State Hospital. (Vols. 1–3). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Ennis, B. J., & Siegel, L. (1973). The rights of mental patients. New York: Baron.
- Epstein, A. M., & Ayanian, J. Z. (2001). Racial disparities in medical care. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 1471–1473.
- Ettner, S. L., Frank, R. G., & Kessler, R. C. (1997). The impact of psychiatric disorder on labor market outcomes. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 51, 64–81.
- Evarts, A. B. (1914). Dementia praecox in the colored race. Psychoanalytic Review, 1, 388–403.
- Faris, R., & Dunham, H. W. (1939). Mental disorders in urban areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Federalism. (2006). Pinkmonkey. Available from www.pinkmonkey.com/studyguides/subjects/am_gov /chap2/a0200001.asp.
-
Fischer, J.
(1969).
Negroes, Whites and rates of mental illness: Reconsideration of a myth.
Psychiatry,
32,
438–446.
10.1080/00332747.1969.11023603 Google Scholar
- Foucault, M. (1965). Madness and civilization: A history of insanity in the age of reason (R. Howard, Trans.). New York: Random House.
- Frank, R. G. (2006, February 2). Mental health care: Gains and gaps. Unpublished Presentation to Grantmakers in Health Summit, San Francisco.
- Frank, R. G., & Glied, S. (2006). Better but not well. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Frank, R. G., & Morlock, L. L. (1997). Managing fragmented public mental health services. New York: Milbank Memorial Fund.
- Gollaher, D. (1995). Voice for the mad: The life of Dorothea Dix. New York: Free Press.
- Gorman, P. G. (2006). Final evaluation of the Adult Mental Health Division (Report No. 7). In United States of America v. State of Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: U.S. District Court.
- Gould, S. J. (1981). The mismeasure of man. New York: Norton.
- Grob, G. N. (1973). Mental institutions in America: Social policy to 1875. New York: Free Press.
- Grob, G. N. (1994). The mad among us: A history of the care of America's mentally ill. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Grob, G. N. (2005). Public policy and mental illnesses: Jimmy Carter's Presidential Commission on Mental Health. Milbank Quarterly, 83, 425–456.
- Grossack, M. M. (1963). Mental health and segregation. New York: Springer.
- Hansen, C. F. (1959). Mental health aspects of desegregation. Journal of the National Medical Association, 51, 450–456.
- Hanson-Mayer, G. (2006). Final evaluation of the Adult Mental Health Division (Report No. 12). In United States of America v. State of Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: U.S. District Court.
- Hatfield, A. B. (1987). Families as caregivers: A historical perspective. In A. B. Hatfield & H. P. Lefley (Eds.), Families of the mentally ill: Coping and adaptation (pp. 3–29). New York: Guilford Press.
- Hawaii Department of Health, Adult Mental Health Division. (2005). Statewide comprehensive integrated service plan. Honolulu, HI: Author.
-
Healy, D.
(2002).
The creation of psychopharmacology.
Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
10.4159/9780674038455 Google Scholar
- Heldring, M. (2003, April 7). Mental health funding is part of cost effect reform: Health care reform. Seattle Times. p. 12.
- Hernandez, R., & Pear, R. (2006, July 12). Once an enemy, health industry warms to Clinton. New York Times. p. 1.
- Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. (1994). The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press.
- Hurd, H. M., Drewry, W. F., Dewey, R., Pilgrim, C. W., Lumer, G. A., & Burgess, T. J. W. (1916). The institutional care of the insane in the United States and Canada. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Institute of Medicine. (2005). Crossing the quality chasm: Adaptation for mental health and addictive disorders. Washington, DC: Author.
-
Jackson, D. D.
(1960).
The etiology of schizophrenia.
New York:
Basic Books.
10.1037/10605-000 Google Scholar
- Jackson, J. S., Brown, T., Williams, D. W., Torres, M., Sellers, S., & Brown, K. (1996). Perceptions and experiences of racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: A thirteen-year national panel study. Ethnicity and Disease, 6, 132–147.
-
Jarvis, E.
(1842).
Statistics on insanity in the United States.
Boston Medicine and Surgery Journal,
27,
116–121.
10.1056/NEJM184209210270703 Google Scholar
-
Jarvis, E.
(1844).
Insanity among the colored population of the free states.
American Journal of the Medical Sciences,
7,
71–83.
10.1097/00000441-184406130-00005 Google Scholar
- Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health. (1961). Action for mental health. New York: Science Editions.
- Keeler, M. H., & Vitols, M. M. (1963). Migration and schizophrenia in North Carolina Negroes. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 33, 557.
- Kennedy, J. F. (2006a). Kennedy's remarks on proposed measures to combat mental illness and mental retardation. Available from www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/pring.php?pid=9547/.
- Kennedy, J. F. (2006b). Letter to the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia. Available from www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=9563/.
- Kennedy, J. F. (2006c). Letter to Secretary Ribicoff concerning the role of the federal government in the field of mental health. Available from www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=8469/.
- Keppel, K. G., Pearcy, J. N., & Wagener, D. K. (2002). Trends in racial and ethnic-specific rates for the health status indicators: United States, 1990–1998 (Rep. No. 23). Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
- Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, L. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.
- Kleiner, R. J., & Parker, S. (1959). Migration and mental illness: A new look. American Sociological Review, 24, 687–690.
- Kobayashi, K. (2006). State still lagging in mental health services. Honolulu Advertiser. Available from www.honoluluadvertiser.com.
- Kramer, M., Von Korff, M., & Kessler, L. (1980). The lifetime prevalence of mental disorders: Estimation, uses and limitations. Psychological Medicine, 10, 429–436.
- Lidz, R. W., & Lidz, T. (1949). The family environment of schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 106, 332.
- Malzberg, B. (1940). Social and biological aspects of mental disease. New York: State Hospital Press.
- Malzberg, B. (1953). Mental diseases among Negroes in New York State, 1939–1941. Mental Hygiene, 37, 450–476.
-
Manderscheid, R. W., &
Henderson, M. J.
(2001).
Mental health, United States, 2000.
Washington, DC:
Center for Mental Health Services.
10.1037/e360402004-001 Google Scholar
- Mark, T. L., Coffey, R. M., Vandivort-Warren, R., Harwood, H. J., & King, E. C. (2005). U.S. spending for mental health and substance abuse treatment, 1991–2001. Health Affairs, 24, 133–142.
- McCandless, P. (1996). Moonlight, magnolias, and madness: Insanity in South Carolina from the colonial period to the progressive era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- McCulloch v. State of Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819).
- Mechanic, D. (1989). Mental health and social policy ( 3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Minkoff, K. (2006). Twelfth team evaluation of the Hawaii Adult Mental Health Division action (Report No. 12). In United States of America v. State of Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: U.S. Federal District Court.
- Moscarelli, M., Rupp, A., & Sartorious, N. (1996). Handbook of mental health economics and health policy. New York: Wiley.
-
Mulligan, K.
(2003, January 3).
Mental health system reform must start with funding.
Psychiatric News,
38,
9.
10.1176/pn.38.22.0009 Google Scholar
- Murphy v. United Parcel Services, 527 U.S. 516. 141 F. 3rd 1185 (1999).
- National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2006). Grading the states: A report on America's health care system for serious mental illness. Alexandria, VA: Author.
- National Institute of Mental Health. (2006a). In harm's way: Suicide in America. Available from www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/harmsway.cfm.
- National Institute of Mental Health. (2006b). The impact of mental illness on society. Available from www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/burden.cfm.
- National Institute of Mental Health. (2006c). Statistics. Available from www.nimh.nih.gov /HealthInformation/statisticsmenu.cfm.
- National Mental Health Association. (2001). Labor Day 2001 report: Untreated and mistreated mental illness and substance abuse costs U.S. $113 billion a year. Alexandria, VA: Author.
- National survey finds depression costs nearly tripled for individuals with limited access to care. (2006). Houston Chronicle. Available from www.chron.com/cs/CDA/printstory.mpl/conws/4038661/.
- National Technical Assistance Center. (2004). Answering the challenge: Responses to the president's New Freedom Commission final report. Network, 8, 1–68.
- Neighbors, H. W., Jackson, J., Campbell, L., & Williams, D. (1989). The influence of racial factors on psychiatric diagnosis: A review and suggestions for research. Community Mental Health Journal, 25, 301–311.
- Neighbors, H. W., & Lumpkin, S. (1990). The epidemiology of mental disorder in the Black population. In D. S. Ruiz & J. P. Comer (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and mental disorder among Black Americans (pp. 55–70). New York: Greenwood Press.
- New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003a). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America—Executive summary of final report (Rep. No. DMS-03–3831). Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
- New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2003b). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America—Final report (Rep. No. SMA-03–3832). Rockville, MD: Department of Health and Human Services.
- New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. (2006). New Freedom Commission members. Available from www.mentalhealthcommission.gov/minutes/Hune02.htm.
- 92 million dollars allocated for transformation grants. (2006). Medical News Today. Available from www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=31366/.
- Nixon, R. M. (1972, March 2). Health care: Request for action on 3 programs: Message to Congress on health care. (Pub. L. No. 93-222). Washington, DC: Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.
- Olmstead v. L.C., 527 U.S. 581 (1999).
- O'Malley, M. (1914). Insanity in the colored race. Journal of Insanity, 71, 309–336.
- Pasamanick, B. A. (1959). The epidemiology of mental disorder. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
- Pierce, F. (1854). Franklin Pierce's 1854 veto. Available from www.disabilitymuseum.org /lib/docs/682.htm?page=print/.
- Plepys, C., & Klein, R. (1995). Health status indicators: Differentials by race and Hispanic origin (Rep. No. 10). Hyattsville, MD: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
- Poen, M. M. (1979). Harry S. Truman versus the medical lobby: The genesis of Medicare. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
- Power, A. K. (2004). Mental health system transformation: Bridging science and service. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
- Powers of the federal government. (2006). Street Law and the Supreme Court Historical Society. Available from www.landmarkcases.org.
- Public hospital at Colonial Williamsburg. (2006). Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. Available from www.history.org/Almanack/places/hb/hbhos.cfm.
- Pumphrey, R. E., & Pumphrey, M. W. (1961). Heritage of American social work. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Meyers, J. K., Kramer, M., Robins, L. N., et al. (1993). One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States and sociodemographic characteristics: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 88, 35–47.
- Rice, D. P., & Miller, L. S. (1996). The economic burden of schizophrenia: Conceptual and methodological issues, and cost estimates. In M. Moscarelli, A. Rupp, & N. Sartorious (Eds.), Handbook of mental health economics and health policy (pp. 321–324). New York: Wiley.
- Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiological Catchment Area study. New York: Free Press.
- Rothman, D. (1970). The discovery of the asylum. Boston: Little, Brown.
- Scheffler, R. M., & Miller, A. B. (1991). Differences in mental health service utilization among ethnic subpopulations. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 14, 363–376.
- Scott, D. M. (1997). Social policy and the image of the damaged Black psyche 1880–1996. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Sharfstein, S. S. (2000). Whatever happened to community mental health? Psychiatric Services, 51, 61–620.
- Stoesz, D., & Karger, H. J. (1993). Deconstructing welfare: The Reagan legacy and the welfare state. Social Work, 38, 619–628.
- Stoudemire, A., Frank, R. G., & Hedemark, N. (1986). The economic burden of depression. General Hospital Psychiatry, 8, 387–394.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2005). Transforming mental health care in America (Rep. No. SMA-05-4060). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2005). Transforming mental health care in America: The federal action agenda: First steps (Rep. No. SMA- 05–4060). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2006a). Mental health transformation state incentives grant program. Rockville, MD: Author. Available from www.samhsa.gov/matrix/mhst_ta.aspx.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2006b). National expenditures for mental health services and substance abuse treatment 1991–2001. Rockville, MD: Author. Available from www.samhsa.gov/spendingestimates/chapter 4.aspx.
- Sutton v. United Airlines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 130 F. 3rd 893 (1999).
- Takeuchi, D. T., & Cheung, M. K. (1998). Coercive and voluntary referrals: How ethnic minority adults get into mental health treatment. Ethnicity and Health, 3, 149–158.
- Thomas, A. R. (1998). Ronald Reagan and the commitment of the mentally ill: Capital, interest groups, and the eclipse of social policy. Electronic Journal of Sociology. Retrieved June 27, 2007, from www.sociolkogy.org/content/vol003.004/thomas.html.
- Timbe, J. W., Horvitz-Lennon, M., Frank, R. G., & Normand, S. L. T. (2006). A meta-analysis of labor supply effects of interventions for major depressive disorder. Psychiatric Services, 57, 212–218.
- United States of America v. Morrison et al., 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
- Unutzer, J., Schoenbaum, M., & Druss, B. (2006). Transforming mental health care at the interface with general medicine: Report for the President's New Freedom Commission for Mental Health. Psychiatric Services, 57, 37–47.
- U.S. Congress. (1787, September 17). Constitution of the United States, 10th Amendment.
- U.S. Congress. (1790, March 24). The Naturalization Act of 1790. 1 Stat.103-104.
- U.S. Congress. (1946). The National Mental Health Act. Pub. L. 79-487.
- U.S. Congress. (1955, July 28). Mental Health Study Act of 1955. Pub. L. 94-182, 487.
- U.S. Congress. (1960). Civil Rights Act of 1960.
- U.S. Congress. (1963). Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act of 1963. Pub. L. 88-164.
- U.S. Congress. (1964). Civil Rights Act of 1964.
- U.S. Congress. (1965a). Civil Rights Act of 1965, The Voting Rights Act of 1965.
- U.S. Congress. (1965b, July 1). Hart-Celler Act (Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965).
- U.S. Congress. (1965c). Medicaid: Institutions for mental diseases. Pub. L. 89-197, 42 CFR 441.
- U.S. Congress. (1967). Mental Health Amendments of 1967. Pub. L. 90-31.
- U.S. Congress. (1968). Civil Rights Act of 1968: Fair Housing Act of 1968.
- U.S. Congress. (1980). Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act.
- U.S. Congress. (2005). Americans with Disabilities Act.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and National Institute of Mental Health.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity—A supplement to mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services.
- Virginia State Department of Mental Hygiene and Hospitals. (1960). Central State Hospital, 1865–1960. Richmond, VA: Author.
- Wang, P. S., Demler, O., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Changing profiles of service sectors used for mental health care in the United States. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1187–1198.
- Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 629–640.
- Witmer, A. H. (1891). Insanity in the colored race in the United States. Alienist and Neurologist, 12, 19–30.
- World Health Organization. (2000). The world health report 2000: Health systems—Improving performance. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
- World Health Organization. (2001). The world health report 2001: Mental health—New understanding, new hope. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
- World Health Organization. (2004). The world health report 2002: Changing history. Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
- Wyatt v. Stickney 325 F. Supp 781 (M.D. Ala. 1971), 334 F. Supp. 1242 (M. D. Ala. 1971), 344 F. Supp. 373 (M.D. Ala. 1972) sub nom Wyatt v. Aderholt, 503 F. 2d 1305 (5th Cir. 1974). (1971).
- Zane, N. W. S., Takeuchi, D. T., & Young, K. N. J. (1994). Confronting critical health issues of Asian and Pacific Islander Americans. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Comprehensive Handbook of Social Work and Social Welfare
Browse other articles of this reference work:
