This chapter contains sections titled:

• Introduction

• General Points on Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) and Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB)

• Genetics of MTB, Molecular Tools, and Population Structure

• Use of Molecular Epidemiology for Understanding Tuberculosis Transmission and Pathogenesis

• Urgent Needs for TB Control, Limitations, and New Issues for Molecular Epidemiology

• Conclusion and Perspectives

• Acknowledgments

• Abbreviations

• Glossary

• References