Vitamins, 9. Biotin

Michael Casutt

Michael Casutt

E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany

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Thomas Koppe

Thomas Koppe

E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany

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Michael Schwarz

Michael Schwarz

E. Merck, Darmstadt, Germany

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First published: 15 October 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

History

3.

Physical and Chemical Properties

4.

Occurrence

5.

Biosynthesis

6.

Function as Prosthetic Group

7.

Isolation and Production

8.

Metabolism and Importance for the Organism

9.

Deficiency Symptoms, Requirement, and Application

9.1.

Symptoms and Therapy in Humans

9.2.

Symptoms and Therapy in Animals

10.

Biotin Analogs

11.

Analysis and Standardization

12.

Uses and Economic Aspects

13.

Tolerance and Environmental Protection

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