Soil, 2. Damage and Soil Pollution

Karl Auerswald

Karl Auerswald

Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Freising, Federal Republic of Germany

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Norbert Litz

Norbert Litz

Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany

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Robert Mayer

Robert Mayer

Universität Gh Kassel, Fachbereich Stadtplanung/Landschaftsplanung, Kassel, Federal Republic of Germany

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Alexander Stoy

Alexander Stoy

Fachhochschule Kiel, Fachbereich Landbau, Rendsburg, Federal Republic of Germany

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Kassem Alef

Kassem Alef

Universität Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl für Ökologische Chemie, Bayreuth, Federal Republic of Germany

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Helmut Kerndorff

Helmut Kerndorff

Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany

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First published: 15 October 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

4.

Physical Damage to Soils

4.1.

Compaction

4.2.

Erosion

4.3.

Building Over and Sealing

5.

Effects of Anthropogenic Substances on Soil

5.1.

Persistent Pollutants

5.1.1.

Definition and Criteria

5.1.2.

Sources and Entry Paths

5.1.3.

Processes in Terrestrial Soils

5.1.4.

Persistent Organic Compounds

5.1.4.1.

Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

5.1.4.2.

Aromatics and Chlorinated Aromatics

5.1.4.3.

Nitroaromatics and Aromatic Amines

5.1.4.4.

Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) and Dibenzofurans (PCDFs)

5.1.4.5.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

5.1.4.6.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

5.2.

Acid Precipitation

5.2.1.

Definitions

5.2.2.

Sources of Acidity in Atmospheric Deposition

5.2.3.

Source and Sink Processes for Acidity in the Atmosphere and in the Soil Environment

5.2.4.

Direct Effects of Acid Deposition on Soils

5.2.5.

Effects Mediated by Organisms (Indirect Effects)

5.2.5.1.

Soil Acidification by Canopy Leaching

5.2.5.2.

Acidification by Uptake of Nitrogen Compounds

5.2.5.3.

Acidification by Accumulation of Organic Matter

5.2.5.4.

Acidification by Humus Disintegration

5.2.6.

Consequences of Soil Acidification

5.2.7.

Field Observations of Soil Acidification

5.3.

Fertilizers and Agricultural Chemicals

5.3.1.

Fertilizers

5.3.1.1.

Development of Fertilization

5.3.1.2.

Legal Framework of Fertilization

5.3.1.3.

Forms of Fertilizers

5.3.1.4.

Effects of Fertilizers in the Soil

5.3.1.4.1.

Nutrient Contents and Nutrient Losses

5.3.1.4.2.

Soil Reaction

5.3.1.4.3.

Humus Content

5.3.1.4.4.

Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants

5.3.2.

Pesticides

5.3.2.1.

Introduction

5.3.2.2.

Side-Effects

5.4.

Effects of Abandoned Waste Disposal Sites

5.4.1.

Introduction

5.4.2.

Material Contents in Groundwater Affected by Abandoned Waste Disposal Sites

5.4.3.

Contamination Criteria and their Quantification

5.4.3.1.

Contamination Factor

5.4.3.2.

Emission Detection Frequency

5.4.3.3.

Mean Emission Concentration

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