Biocides
Abstract
The article contains sections titled:
| 1. | Introduction |
| 1.1. | History |
| 2. | R&D in Material Protection and Search for New Biocides |
| 3. | Registration and Authorization of Biocides |
| 3.1. | Introduction |
| 3.1.1. | Europe |
| 3.1.2. | United States of America |
| 3.1.3. | Other Parts of the World |
| 3.2. | Europe - The BPD and Biocidal Product Regulation |
| 3.2.1. | Scope of the BPD |
| 3.2.2. | Regulation of Active Substances |
| 3.2.3. | Regulation of Biocidal Products |
| 3.2.4. | Mutual Recognition |
| 3.2.5. | Revision of the BPD — The Biocidal Products Regulation |
| 3.3. | United States of America – Federal Insecticides, Fungicides and Rodenticides Act (FIFRA) |
| 3.4. | Other Countries |
| 3.5. | Conclusion/Summary |
| 4. | Chemical Biocides |
| 4.1. | Alcohols |
| 4.2. | Aldehydes and Formaldehyde-Releasing Compounds |
| 4.3. | Acids and Esters |
| 4.4. | Phenolics |
| 4.4.1. | Nonhalogenated Phenolics |
| 4.4.2. | Halogenated Phenolics |
| 4.5. | Compounds with Activated Halogen |
| 4.6. | Pyridine Derivatives |
| 4.7. | Oxidizing Agents |
| 4.7.1. | Peroxy Compounds |
| 4.7.2. | Halogens, Hypohalogenites, and Halogen-Releasing Compounds |
| 4.8. | Benzimidazoles |
| 4.9. | Isothiazolinones |
| 4.10. | Azoles |
| 4.11. | Organometallic Compounds |
| 4.12. | Surface-Active Biocidal Compounds |
| 4.12.1. | Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) |
| 4.12.2. | Long-Chain Alkylamines |
| 4.12.3. | Guanidines and Biguanides |
| 4.12.4. | Ampholytes |
| 4.13. | Haloalkylthio Compounds |
| 4.14. | Various Compounds |
| 5. | Application of Biocides |
| 5.1. | Factors Affecting Biocide Selection |
| 5.2. | Challenge Testing |
| 5.2.1. | Disinfection Challenge Testing |
| 5.2.1.1. | Efficacy Testing |
| 5.2.1.2. | Efficacy of Disinfectants |
| 5.2.2. | Preservation Challenge Testing |
| 5.2.3. | Simulation Tests |
| 5.3. | Spoilage |
| 5.4. | Monitoring |
| 5.4.1. | Subjective and Functional Criteria |
| 5.4.2. | Monitoring Microbial Populations |
| 5.4.3. | Monitoring Biocide or Preservative Concentrations |
| 5.5. | Predetermined and Automatic Biocide Additions |
