Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds

1.	History
1.1.	Centers of Gold Production
1.2.	Production
1.3.	Development of Production Processes
2.	Properties
2.1.	Physical Properties
2.2.	Chemical Properties
3.	Occurrence
3.1.	Abundance
3.2.	Gold Deposits
3.3.	Gold Reserves and Resources
4.	Production
4.1.	Ore Treatment
4.2.	Cyanidation
4.3.	Recovery of Gold with Carbon
4.3.1.	Adsorption of Gold by Carbon
4.3.2.	Carbon-in-Pulp Process
4.3.3.	Carbon-in-Leach Process
5.	Gold Refining
5.1.	Chemical Refining
5.2.	Miller Process
5.3.	Wohlwill Electrolysis
5.4.	Solvent Extraction
6.	Recovery of Gold from Secondary Materials
6.1.	Recovery from Gold Alloys
6.2.	Recovery from Sweeps
6.3.	Recovery from Surface-Coated Materials
7.	Gold Compounds
7.1.	Potassium Dicyanoaurate(I)
7.2.	Tetrachloroauric(III) Acid
7.3.	Sodium Disulfitoaurate(I)
7.4.	Miscellaneous Gold Compounds
8.	Gold Alloys
8.1.	Binary Alloys
8.2.	Ternary Alloys
8.3.	Higher Alloys
8.4.	Production and Processing
9.	Quality Specifications and Analysis
9.1.	Quality Specifications
9.2.	Sampling
9.3.	Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis
9.4.	Quantitative Analysis
9.5.	Purity Analysis
9.5.1.	Direct Analysis of Metallic Gold
9.5.2.	Purity of Gold Solution
9.6.	Trace Analysis
10.	Uses of Gold and Gold Alloys
10.1.	Coins, Medals, and Bars
10.2.	Jewelry
10.3.	Electronics and Electrical Engineering
10.3.1.	Electronics
10.3.2.	Electrical Engineering
10.4.	Solders
10.5.	Pen Nibs
10.6.	Chemical Technology
10.7.	Dental Materials
10.8.	Coatings
10.8.1.	Electroplating and Electroforming
10.8.2.	Bright Gold
10.8.3.	Other Gold Coatings
10.9.	Gold Leaf
10.10.	Catalysts
11.	Economic Aspects
12.	Toxicology and Occupational Health

References

1 Gmelin, System no. 62.
Google Scholar
2 H. Quiring: Die metallischen Rohstoffe, 2nd ed., vol. 3 “Gold,” Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1953.
Google Scholar
3 Degussa, Sol & Luna – auf den Spuren von Gold und Silber, Frankfurt 1973.
Google Scholar
4 B. Neumann: Die Metalle – Geschichte, Vorkommen und Gewinnung nebst ausführlicher Produktionsstatistik, Verlag Wilhelm Knapp, Halle 1904.
Google Scholar
5 H. Moesta: Erze und Metalle – ihre Kulturgeschichte im Experiment, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1983.
Google Scholar
6 H. Römpp: Chemie der Metalle, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1941.
Google Scholar
7 H. W. A. Sommerlatte: Gold und Ruinen in Zimbabwe – aus Tagebüchern und Berichten des Schwaben Karl Mauch (1837 – 1875), Verlag Bertelsmann Fachzeitschriften GmbH, Gütersloh 1987.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
8 A. Hartmann, E. Sangmeister: “Zur Erforschung urgeschichtlicher Metallurgie,” Angew. Chem. 84 (1972) 668 – 678.
10.1002/ange.19720841404
Google Scholar
9 K. Löhberg: Beiträge der Metallkunde zur Archäologie, Jahrbuch 1979 der Berliner Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft e. V., p. 48.
Google Scholar
10 G. Biegel (ed.): Das erste Gold der Menschheit, Verlag Karl Schillinger, Freiburg 1986.
Google Scholar
11 F. Kirchheimer: “über das Rheingold,” Jahreshefte des geologischen Landesamts Baden Württemb. 7 (1965) 77.
Google Scholar
12 World Gold Council, Gold Bulletin – Quaterly review of research on gold and its applications in industry, vol. 1 (1968) – vol. 31 (1998), Geneva.
Google Scholar
13 A. Binz: Edelmetalle – ihr Fluch und Segen, Limpert-Verlag, Berlin 1943.
Google Scholar
14 H. Pohl: Gold – seine Macht und Magie in der Geschichte, W. Heyne Verlag, München 1958.
Google Scholar
15 C. H. V. Sutherland: Gold – Macht, Schönheit und Magie, Verlag A. Schroll & Co., Wien – München 1970.
Google Scholar
16 G. Breitling et al.: Das Buch vom Gold, Verlag C. J. Bucher, Luzern – Frankfurt 1975.
Google Scholar
17 H. G. Fuchs: Gold, Fritz Knapp Verlag, Frankfurt 1981.
Google Scholar
18 P. Vilar: Gold und Geld in der Geschichte, Verlag H. C. Beck, München 1984.
Google Scholar
19 H. J. Funk (ed.): Gold, Edition Deutsche Bank, Battenberg Verlag, München 1986.
Google Scholar
20 Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, Edelmetalle – Gewinnung, Verarbeitung, Anwendung, Folienserie, Frankfurt 1989.
Google Scholar
21 L. F. Trueb: Gold — Bergbau, Verhüttung, Raffination und Verwendung, Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zürich 1992.
Google Scholar
22 DEGUSSA AG (ed.): Edelmetall-Taschenbuch, Hüthig-Verlag, Heidelberg 1995.
Google Scholar
23 L. F. Trueb: Die chemischen Elemente, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart – Leipzig 1996.
Google Scholar
24 G. Biegel: Das Erste Gold der Menschheit — die älteste Zivilisation in Europa, Verlag Karl Schilliger, Freiburg 1986.
Google Scholar
25 A. Neuburger: Die Technik des Altertums, Voigtländer Verlag, Leipzig 1920, Prisma-Verlag, Gütersloh 1983.
Google Scholar
26 J. H. F. Notton, “Ancient Egyptian Gold Refining,” Gold Bulletin 7 (1974) 50 – 56.
10.1007/BF03215038
CAS Google Scholar
27 V. Tafel: Lehrbuch der Metallhüttenkunde, vol. 1, S. Hirzel Verlag, Leipzig 1951.
Google Scholar
28 Degussa, Edelmetall-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt 1967.
Google Scholar
29 Doduco, Datenbuch, Pforzheim 1974.
Google Scholar
30 R. C. Weast: Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 69th ed., CRC-Press, Cleveland 1989.
Google Scholar
31 D'Ans-Lax: Taschenbuch für Chemiker und Physiker, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1967.
Google Scholar
32 D. G. Cooper: Das Periodensystem der Elemente, Taschentext Nr. 6, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1972.
Google Scholar
33 G. H. Aylward, T. J. V. Findlay: Datensammlung Chemie, Taschentext Nr. 27, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim 1975.
Google Scholar
34 E. Fluck, K. G. Heumann: Periodic Table of the Elements, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany 1986.
Google Scholar
35 E. M. Wise: Gold — Recovery, Properties and Application, Van Nostrand, New York 1964.
Google Scholar
36 G. Schlamp: Noble Metals and their Alloys, in Materials Science and Technology, vol. 8, Chap. 9, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany 1996.
Google Scholar
37 M. Fieberg, H. Renner, G. Schlamp: Silver, Gold, and other Noble Metals, Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, vol. 18, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany 1997.
Google Scholar
38 C. E. Wicks, F. E. Block: Thermodynamic Properties of 65 Elements – their Oxides, Halides, Carbides, and Nitrides, Bureau of Mines Rep. No. 605. Washington, D.C. 1963.
Google Scholar
39 W. Gocht: Handbuch der Metallmärkte, 2nd ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin 1985.
10.1007/978-3-642-86964-8
Google Scholar
40 R. Saager: Metallische Rohstoffe von Antimon bis Zirkonium, Bank Vontobel, Zürich 1984.
Google Scholar
41 J. Lurie: South African Geology for Mining, Metallurgical, Hydrological and Civil Engineering, McGraw-Hill, Johannesburg 1981.
Google Scholar
42 C. B. Coetzee: Mineral Resources of the Republic of South Africa, Pretoria, Department of Mines 1976.
Google Scholar
43 H. Schneiderhöhn: Erzlagerstätten, G. Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1962.
Google Scholar
44 R. Jackson: Ok Tedi – The Pot of Gold, World Publishing Co., Boroko, Papua – New Guinea 1982.
Google Scholar
45 Kirk-Othmer, 3rd ed., 11, pp. 972 – 995.
Google Scholar
46 F. Pawlek: Metallhüttenkunde, de Gruyter, Berlin 1983.
10.1515/9783110903188
Google Scholar
47 Winnacker-Küchler, 3rd ed., 4, 544 – 547.
Google Scholar
48 Ullmann, 3rd ed., 8, pp. 269 – 284.
Google Scholar
49 G. Agricola, Vom Berg- und Hüttenwesen, DTV-Verlag, München 1980,
Google Scholar
50 D. Meadows, E. Zahn, P. Milling: Die Grenzen des Wachstums, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1972.
Google Scholar
51 R. J. Adamson (ed.): Gold Metallurgy in South Africa, Chamber of Mines, Johannesburg 1972.
Google Scholar
52 J. V. N. Dorr, F. L. Bosqui: Cyanidation and Concentration of Gold and Silver Ores, McGraw-Hill, New York 1950.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
53 A. King: Gold Metallurgy on the Witwatersrand, Chamber of Mines, Johannesburg 1949.
Google Scholar
54 D. M. Liddell: Handbook of Nonferrous Metallurgy, McGraw-Hill, New York 1945.
Google Scholar
55 T. K. Rose, W. A. C. Newman: The Metallurgy of Gold, Griffin, London 1937.
Google Scholar
56 G. G. Stanley (ed.): The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold in South Africa, The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg 1987.
Google Scholar
E. Krone: “Probleme der Primärgoldlaugung”, Erzmetall 42 (1989) 253 – 258.
CAS Google Scholar
57 E. A. Cho, S. N. Dixon, C. H. Pitt: “The Kinetics of Gold Cyanide Adsorption onto Activated Charcoal,” Metall. Trans. B 10 B (1979), 185 – 189.
10.1007/BF02652462
CAS ADS Web of Science® Google Scholar
58 A. S. Dahya, D. J. King: “Developments in Carbon-in-Pulp Technology for Gold Recovery,” CJM Bull. 76 (1983) no. 857, 55 – 61.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
59 C. A. Fleming: “Some Aspects of the Chemistry of Carbon-in-Pulp and Resin-in-Pulp Processes,” in papers presented at The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Seminar on Carbon-in-Pulp Technology for the Extraction of Gold, Kalgoorlie (Australia) July 1982.
Google Scholar
60 C. A. Fleming in K. Osseo-Assare, J. D. Miller (eds.): Hydrometallurgy: Research, Development and Plant Practice, Recent Developments in Carbon-in-Pulp Technology in South Africa, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, Warrendale (U.S.A.) 1983, pp. 839 – 858.
Google Scholar
61 C. A. Fleming, M. J. Nicol: “The Adsorption of Gold Cyanide onto Activated Carbon. III. Factors Influencing the Rate of Loading and the Equilibrium Capacity,” J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 84 (1984) no. 4, 85 – 93.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
62 C. A. Fleming, M. J. Nicol, D. I. Nicol: “The Optimization of a Carbon-in-Pulp Adsorption Circuit Based on the Kinetics of Extraction of Aurocyanide by Activated Carbon,” paper presented at the Symposium: Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction in Mineral Processing held at Mintek, Randburg Feb. 1980.
Google Scholar
63 P. A. Laxen, G. S. M. Becker, R. Rubin: “Developments in the Application of Carbon-in-Pulp for Gold Recovery from South African Ores,” J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 79 (1979) no. 11, 315 – 326.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
64 P. A. Laxen, T. D. Brown in L. F. Haughton (ed.): Mintek 50: Proceedings of the International Conference on Mineral Science and Technology, “The Carbon-in-Pulp Plant at Rand Mines Milling and Mining Company Limited: Problems and Development,” vol. 2, Council for Mineral Technology, Randburg 1985, pp. 695 – 706.
Google Scholar
65 P. A. Laxen, C. A. Fleming, D. A. Holtum, R. Rubin in H. W. Glen (ed.): Proceedings, Twelfth Congress of the Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions, A Review of Pilot-Plant Testwork Conducted on the Carbon-in-Pulp Process for the Recovery of Gold, vol. 2, The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg 1982, pp. 551 – 561.
Google Scholar
66 G. J. McDougall, R. D. Hancock: “Gold Complexes and Activated Carbon. A Literature Review,” Gold Bull. 14 (1981) no. 4, 138 – 153.
10.1007/BF03216558
CAS Google Scholar
67 M. J. Nicol, C. A. Fleming, G. Cromberge: “The Adsorption of Gold Cyanide onto Activated Carbon. I. The Kinetics of Adsorption from Pulps,” J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 84 (1984) no. 2, 50 – 54.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
68 M. J. Nicol, C. A. Fleming, G. Cromberge: “The Adsorption of Gold Cyanide onto Activated Carbon. II. Application of the Kinetic Model to Multistage Absorption Circuits,” J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 84 (1984) no. 3, 70 – 78.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
69 D. F. Williams, D. Glasser: “The Modelling and Simulation of Processes for the Absorption of Gold by Activated Charcoal,” J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. 85 (1985) no. 8, 237 – 243.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
70 G. Brauer: Handbuch der Präparativen Anorganischen Chemie, vol. 2, 3rd ed., Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 1978.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
71 Chamber of Mines (ed.): Rand Refinery, P.R.D. Series No. 149, Johannesburg 1970.
Google Scholar
72 G. Eger: Das Scheiden der Edelmetalle durch Elektrolyse, W. Knapp Verlag, Halle 1929.
Google Scholar
73 M. Grehl, H. Meyer: “Electrochemical versus chemical reactions in PM refining,” IPMI, PM 1997, 13 – 28.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
74 M. Fieberg, I. R. Edwards: The Extraction of Gold from Chloride Solutions, Report No. 1996, National Institute for Metallurgy, Randburg 1978.
Google Scholar
75 M. Lin, S. Zhong, S. Sun, Kuongye Gongcheng 15 (1995) no. 2, 37 – 40.
Google Scholar
76 W. W. Behning, Metall (Berlin) 24 (1970) 794.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
77 E. Krone, W. Dähne, Chem. Ztg. 101 (1977) 421.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
78 G. Cornelius, Erzmetall 32 (1979) 467.
CAS Google Scholar
79 Recycling – Rohstoffsicherung und Umweltschutz, Degussa, Frankfurt (M) 1981.
Google Scholar
80 F. H. Burstall, P. J. Forrest, R. A. Wells, Ind. Eng. Chem. 45 (1953) 1648 – 1658.
10.1021/ie50524a023
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
81 K. B. Ball, World Min. 27 (1974) no. 11, 44 – 45.
Google Scholar
82 R. J. Puddephatt: The Chemistry of Gold, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1978.
Google Scholar
83 G. Wilkinson, R. D. Gillard, J. A. McCleverty: Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry, vol. 5, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1987.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
84 G. Wilkinson, F. G. A. Stone, E. Abel: Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 2, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1982.
Google Scholar
85 N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1984; German: Chemie der Elemente, VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim 1988.
Google Scholar
86 N. P. Finkelstein, R. D. Hancock: “A New Approach to the Chemistry of Gold,” Gold Bull. 7 (1974) 72 – 77.
10.1007/BF03215041
CAS Google Scholar
87 A. Prior: Possibilities of Using Ion Exchange Membrane in the Recovery and Processing of Precious Metals, Proceedings of the 11th International Precious Metals Institute Conference, Brussels 1987.
Google Scholar
88 F. Simon, Galvanotechnik 78 (1987) 2450 – 2457.
CAS Google Scholar
89 R. V. Parish: “Organogold Chemistry I: Structure and Synthesis,” Gold Bull. 30 (1997) 3 – 12;
10.1007/BF03214751
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
“Organogold Chemistry II: Reactions,” Gold Bull. 30 (1997) 55 – 62;
10.1007/BF03214757
CAS Google Scholar
“Organogold Chemistry III: Applications,” Gold Bull. 31 (1998) 14 – 21.
10.1007/BF03215470
Web of Science® Google Scholar
90 S. P. Fricker, Gold Bull. 29 (1996) no. 29, 53 – 60.
10.1007/BF03215464
CAS Google Scholar
91 S. L. Best, P. J. Sadler, Gold Bull. 29 (1996) no. 3, 87 – 93.
10.1007/BF03214741
CAS Google Scholar
92 E. Raub: Die Edelmetalle und ihre Legierungen, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1940.
10.1007/978-3-642-51392-3
Google Scholar
93 E. Jäneke: Kurzgefaßtes Handbuch aller Legierungen, C. Winter Verlag, Heidelberg 1949.
Google Scholar
94 J. L. Haughton, A. Prince: The Constitution Diagrams of Alloys. A Bibliography, Institute of Metals, London 1956.
Google Scholar
95 A. Prince: Multicomponent Alloy Constitution, Bibliography 1955 – 1973, Metals Society, London 1978.
Google Scholar
96 A. Prince: Multicomponent Alloy Constitution, Bibliography 1974 – 1977, Metals Society, London 1981.
Google Scholar
97 W. Hume-Rothery, G. V. Raynor: The Structure of Metals and Alloys, Institute of Metals, London 1956.
Google Scholar
98 M. Hansen: Der Aufbau der Zweistoff-Legierungen, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1936.
10.1007/978-3-642-47516-0
Google Scholar
99 M. Hansen, K. Anderko: Constitution of Binary Alloys, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York 1958.
10.1149/1.2428700
Web of Science® Google Scholar
100 R. P. Eliott: Constitution of Binary Alloys, 1st Suppl., McGraw-Hill, New York 1965
Google Scholar
101 F. A. Shunk: Constitution of Binary Alloys, 2nd Suppl., McGraw-Hill, New York 1969.
Google Scholar
102 W. G. Moffatt: The Handbook of Binary Phase Diagrams, General Electric Company, Schenectady, N.Y. 1976/77 (halbjährliche Nachträge).
Google Scholar
103 G. Petzow, G. Effenberg: Ternary Alloys, vol. 1, 2, VCH-Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim, Germany 1988.
Google Scholar
104 W. Hume-Rothery, G. W. Mabbot, K. M. Channel-Evans, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 233 (1934) 1.
10.1098/rsta.1934.0014
ADS Google Scholar
105 L. S. Benner, T. Suzuki, K. Meguro, S. Tanaka (eds.): Precious Metals Science and Technology, Int. Prec. Met. Inst. (IPMI), Allentown 1991.
Google Scholar
106 H. Sato, R. S. Toth in T. B. Massalski (ed.): Alloy Behavior and Effects in Concentrated Solvent Solution, Gordon & Breach, New York 1964, p. 295.
Google Scholar
107 G. V. Raynor: “The Alloying Behaviour of Gold Part I: Solid Solutions”, Gold Bull. 9 (1976) 12 – 19;
10.1007/BF03215400
CAS Google Scholar
“The Alloying Behaviour of Gold Part II: Compound Formation,” Gold Bull. 9 (1976) 50 – 54.
10.1007/BF03216628
CAS Google Scholar
108 W. S. Rapson: “Intermetallic Compounds of Gold,” Gold Bull. 29 (1996) no. 4, 141 – 142.
10.1007/BF03214750
CAS Google Scholar
109 D. M. Jacobson, M. R. Harrison, S. P. S. Sangha: “Stable Strengthening of 990-Gold,” Gold Bull. 29 (1996) no. 3, 95 – 100.
10.1007/BF03214742
CAS Google Scholar
110 E. M. Wise, R. F. Vines in: Metals Handbook, 9th ed., vol. 2, Metals Park, OH 1979, p. 699.
Google Scholar
111 K. Yasuda, K. Hisatune, Gold Bull. 26 (1963) no. 2, 50.
10.1007/BF03214725
Google Scholar
112 Doduco: Datenbuch Pforzheim 1977 p. 50.
Google Scholar
113 B. Kempf, S. Schmauder, Gold Bull. 31 (1998) no. 2, 51 – 57.
10.1007/BF03214761
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
114 G. Humpston, D. M. Jacobson, Gold Bull. 25 (1992) no. 4, 132.
10.1007/BF03214723
CAS Google Scholar
115 Diebeners Handbuch des Goldschmieds, vol. 1, Diebener, Stuttgart 1952.
Google Scholar
116 E. Wagner, Metall 12 (1985) 628 – 630.
Google Scholar
117 Degussa: Sonne und Mond, Degussa-Informationen für Juweliere, Gold- und Silberschmiede, Frankfurt, since 1968.
Google Scholar
118 F. Ensslin: Edelmetall-Analyse, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1964.
Google Scholar
119 Chemikerausschuß der GDMB (ed.): Analyse der Metalle, 2nd ed., Springer Verlag, Berlin 1961.
Google Scholar
120 H.-M. Lüschow: Edelmetallanalytik, Eine Übersicht über bewährte klassische und moderne Methoden, Heft 69 der Schriftenreihe der GDMB, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1993.
Google Scholar
121 H.-M. Lüschow: “Gold Analysis in a Precious Metal Refinery — State and Development,” Ertmetall 50 (1997) 22 – 42.
Google Scholar
122 P. Raw, C. W. Corti (ed.): The Assaying and Refining of Gold, World Gold Council, London 1997.
Google Scholar
123 M. Brill: “Analysis of Carat Gold,” in Gold Technology, Quality Assurance, World Gold Council, Issue No. 22, 1997, 10 – 25.
Google Scholar
124 R. S. Young: “Analysis for Gold,” Gold Bull. 13 (1980) 9 – 14.
10.1007/BF03215123
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
125 N. Desebrock: Gold Refiners and Bars Worldwide, An International Register, Grendon International Research Pty Ltd, Fremantle, Australia 1991.
Google Scholar
126 H. M. Lüschow: Probenahme, Theorie und Praxis, “Schriftenreihe d. GDMB” Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany 1980.
Google Scholar
H.-M. Lüschow, “Zur Probenahme von Edelmetallen. Teil 1: Probenahme von metallischen Materialien”, Erzmetall 42 (1989) 153 – 159.
Google Scholar
127 ISO/Committee Draft No. 11546 (still under discussion)
Google Scholar
128 P. Beckmans: Gross Sampling of Shredded Circuit Boards, in G. Kraft (ed.): Sampling in Non-Ferrous Metals Industry, Trans Tech Publications, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 1993, pp. 105 – 109.
Google Scholar
129 ISO Standard No. 11426, “Determination of Gold in Gold Jewellery Alloys — Cupellation Method (Fire Assay)”.
Google Scholar
130 M. Brill: “The Quality Control of Alloys from the Precious Metal Foundry with the Aid of the Glow Discharge Lamp Emission Spectrometer,” Proc. 11th IPMI Conf., Brussels, Belgium 1989, pp. 369 – 400.
Google Scholar
131 J. W. Stankiewicz et al.: Gold and Gold Alloy Reference Materials for XRF Analysis.
Google Scholar
132 J. Suchomel, Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 300 (1980) 257 – 266.
10.1007/BF00469970
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
133 J. Suchomel, Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. 307 (1981) 14 – 18.
10.1007/BF00493186
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
134 M. Brill, K.-H. Wiedemann: “Determination of Gold in Gold Jewellery Alloys by ICP-Spectrometry,” Gold Bull. 25 (1992) 13 – 25.
10.1007/BF03214719
CAS Google Scholar
135 “Spectro X-Test,” Spectro Analytical Instruments Ltd., D-47533 Kleve.
Google Scholar
136 A. Prince, G. V. Raynor, W. S. Evans: Phase diagrams of Tertnary Gold Alloys, The Institute of Materials, London 1990.
Google Scholar
137 W. S. Rapson, T. Groenewald: Gold Usage, Academic Press, London 1978.
Google Scholar
138 A. Luschin v. Ebengreuth: Allgemeine Münzkunde und Goldgeschichte, Oldenburg, München 1971.
Google Scholar
139 E. Drost, J. Hausselt: “Uses of Gold in Jewelry,” Interdiscip. Sci. Rev. 17 (1992) 271.
10.1179/isr.1992.17.3.271
Web of Science® Google Scholar
140 G. Humpston: “The Essential Role of Gold in the Fabrication of Microwave Electronic Systems,” Gold Bull. 32 (1999) no. 3, 75 – 79.
10.1007/BF03216613
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
141 A. Keil: Werkstoffe für elektrische Kontakte, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1960.
10.1007/978-3-662-00108-0
Google Scholar
142 Y. Okinana: “Some recent Topics in Gold Plating for Electronics Applications,” Gold Bull. 31 (1998) no. 1, 3 – 13.
10.1007/BF03215469
Google Scholar
143 P. Bowell: “Low Resistance Gold Contacts for Gallium Nitride,” Gold Bull. 31 (1998) no. 4, 132 – 133.
10.1007/BF03214779
Google Scholar
144 H. Reichl, DVS-Ber. 129 (1990) 10.
CAS Google Scholar
145 R. L. Whetton et al., Adv. Mater. 8 (1996) 428.
10.1002/adma.19960080513
Web of Science® Google Scholar
146 W. D. Luedtke, U. Landman, J. Phys. Chem. 100 (1996) 13324.
10.1021/jp961721g
Web of Science® Google Scholar
147 I. Vezmar et al., Z. Phys. D. 40 (1997) 147 – 151.
10.1007/s004600050180
CAS ADS Web of Science® Google Scholar
148 C. L. Cleveland et al., Z. Phys. D. 40 (1997) 503 – 508.
10.1007/s004600050263
CAS ADS Web of Science® Google Scholar
149 M. Shirai et al., Gold Bull. 32 (1999) no. 3, 80 – 89.
10.1007/BF03216614
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
150 R. Whyman, Gold Bull. 29 (1996) 11 – 15.
10.1007/BF03214736
CAS Google Scholar
151 G. J. Hutchings, Gold Bull. 29 (1996) 123 – 130.
10.1007/BF03214746
CAS Google Scholar
152 G. M. Francis, R. E. Palmer, Gold Bull. 29 (1996) 47 – 51.
10.1007/BF03215463
CAS Google Scholar
153 C. Jones, Financial Times (1996) 15. Aug.
Google Scholar
154 A. P. Alivisatos et al., Nature 382 (1996) 607.
10.1038/382609a0
ADS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
155 C. A. Mirkin et al., Nature 382 (1996) 607.
10.1038/382607a0
CAS ADS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
156 Degussa: Technik die verbindet, Berichte aus Forschung und Praxis.
Google Scholar
157 Degussa: Metall Forschung und Entwicklung, Degussa, Ressort Metall, Frankfurt/Main 1991.
Google Scholar
158 D. M. Jacobson, S. P. S. Sangha, Gold Bull. 29 (1996) no. 1, 3 – 9.
10.1007/BF03214735
CAS Google Scholar
159 B. Kempf, J. Hausselt, Interdiscip. Sci. Rev. 17 (1992) 251.
10.1179/isr.1992.17.3.251
Web of Science® Google Scholar
160 G. Humpston, D. M. Jacobson, S. P. S. Sangha, Gold Bull. 26 (1993) no. 3, 90.
10.1007/BF03214726
CAS Google Scholar
161 W. Funk, G. Reinacher: “Gold Alloy Spinnerets for the Production of Viscose Rayon,” Gold Bull. 7 (1974) 2 – 9.
10.1007/BF03215025
Google Scholar
162 H.-D. Lachmann, H. G. Simanowski: Gold als Oberfläche, Leuze Verlag, Saulgau 1982.
Google Scholar
163 F. H. Reid, W. Goldie: Gold Plating Technology Electrochemical Publications Ltd., Ayr 1974.
Google Scholar
164 F. Simon: “Goldabscheidung aus stark sauren Electrolyten,” Galvanotechnik 78 (1987) 2450.
CAS Google Scholar
165 H. O. Ali, I. R. A. Christie: “A Review of Electroless Gold Deposition Processes,” Gold Bull. 17 (1984) 118.
10.1007/BF03214674
CAS Google Scholar
166 E. Arnet: “Elektroformung von Hohlschmuck nach dem AUROFORM-Verfahren,” Galvanotechnik 86 (1995) 3575.
CAS Google Scholar
167 F. Simon: “Recent Developments of Electroforming with Precious Metals for Jewellery,” Trans. Inst. Metal Finish. 75 (1997) B56.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
168 D. Withey: “Gold Electroforms and Heavy Electrodeposits,” Gold Bull. 10 (1983) 70.
10.1007/BF03214626
Google Scholar
169 U. Kopacz, R. Riedl: “Abscheidung dekorativer, goldfarbiger Dünnschichten mit ionengestützten PVD-Verfahren,” Z. Metallkunde 83 (1992) no. 7, 492 – 499.
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
170 E. D. Nicholson, Gold Bull. 12 (1979) no. 4, 161.
10.1007/BF03215119
Google Scholar
171 Degussa, US 5 808 136, 1998 (H. Mueller et al.).
Google Scholar
172 G. C. Bond: “Gold: the Catalytic Metal for the 21st Century?” Gold Bull. 31 (1998) no. 4, 110.
10.1007/BF03214774
Web of Science® Google Scholar
173 D. Thompson: “New Advances in Gold Catalysis Part I,” Gold Bull. 31 (1998) no. 4, 111 – 118;
10.1007/BF03214775
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
Part II, 32 (1999) no. 1, 12 – 19.
Google Scholar
174 Laura Prati: “New Gold Catalysts for Liquid Phase Oxidation,” Gold Bull. (1999) no, 3, 96 – 101.
10.1007/BF03216617
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
175 A. Ueda, M. Haruta, Gold Bull. 32 (1999) no. 1, 3 – 11.
10.1007/BF03214783
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
176 A. L. Prati, M. Rossi, J. Catal. 176 (1998) 552.
10.1006/jcat.1998.2078
CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
177 J. H. Teles, S. Brode, M. Chabanas, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 37 (1998) 1415.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980605)37:10<1415::AID-ANIE1415>3.0.CO;2-N
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
178 H. Renner, Ullmann's, 5th ed, A12, p. 530.
Google Scholar
179 Gold Fields Mineral Services Ltd. London: Gold Survey 2000.
Google Scholar
180 Degussa: Edelmetallmärkte 1997.
Google Scholar
181 S. Moeschlin: Klinik und Therapie der Vergiftungen, 6th ed., Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1986.
Web of Science® Google Scholar
182 E. Merian (ed.): Metalle in der Umwelt, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany 1984.
Google Scholar
183 H. G. Seiler, A. Sigel, H. Sigel (eds.): Handbook on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York 1994.
Google Scholar
184 G. Perreli, G. Piolatto: “Tentative Reference Values for Gold, Silver, and Platinum: Literature Data Analysis,” Sci. Tot. Environ. 120 (1992) 93.
10.1016/0048-9697(92)90219-I
Web of Science® Google Scholar
185 A. Rütter: “Metalldermatosen II,” Hautarzt 47 (1996) 400 – 409.
CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
186 W. Wirth, Ch. Gloxhuber: Toxikologie, 4th ed., Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1985.
Google Scholar
187 J.M. Lucas, Mineral Commodity Summaries Bureau of Mintes, Washington, DC, 1992, p. 75
Web of Science® Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

Browse other articles of this reference work:

Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds

Abstract

References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Gold, Gold Alloys, and Gold Compounds

Abstract

References

Further Reading

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information