Antimony and Antimony Compounds

1.	Introduction
2.	Physical Properties
3.	Chemical Properties
4.	Occurrence
5.	Beneficiation
6.	Recovery of the Metal
6.1.	Roasting
6.2.	Reduction of Oxide to the Metal
6.3.	Direct Reduction to the Metal
6.4.	Hydrometallurgical and Electrolytic Methods
6.5.	Recovery from Byproducts
7.	Refining
8.	Fine Purification
9.	Recovery of Antimony Oxide
10.	Antimony Alloys and Intermetallic Compounds
11.	Antimony Compounds
11.1.	Antimony Chlorides
11.2.	Antimony Fluorides
11.3.	Antimony Tribromide
11.4.	Antimony Triiodide
11.5.	Antimony Oxides
11.6.	Antimonic Acid and Antimonates
11.7.	Antimony Sulfides
11.8.	Antimony Sulfate
11.9.	Stibine
11.10.	Organometallic Compounds
12.	Chemical Analysis
13.	Uses
14.	Recycling
15.	Economic Aspects
16.	Toxicology

The article describes the properties, production, and usage of the element antimony and its primary compounds. Stibnite, which is referred to as crude antimony when its Sb₂S₃ content is above 90 %, has a low melting point and it can be extracted by melting (liquidation). Antimony metal is recovered from ore primarily by pyrometallurgical techniques. Because rich ores are becoming rare, greater recourse is being taken to intermediates in processing and metal industries. Hydrometallurgical processing is suitable for some ores containing precious metals and is used by the Sunshine Mining Co. (USA). Refining and fine purification techniques are used for production of pure antimony metal.

There is growing demand for extremely pure antimony. Antimony oxide is being used as flame retardant in increasing quantities. Antimony is a component of many lead and tin alloys, which are important materials for making bearings and solders. Preparation, properties, and usage of the antimony halides, oxides, sulfides, and other compounds, as well as organometallic compounds are described.

Other important aspects are recycling, economics, and toxicology.

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