Spectroscopic imaging of the uptake kinetics of human brain ethanol
Corresponding Author
H.P. Hetherington
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Rm. 5–35, Bldg. 490, Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973.===Search for more papers by this authorF. Telang
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorJ.W. Pan
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorM. Sammi
Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Chemistry Department, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorD. Schuhlein
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorP. Molina
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorN.D. Volkow
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
H.P. Hetherington
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Rm. 5–35, Bldg. 490, Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973.===Search for more papers by this authorF. Telang
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorJ.W. Pan
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorM. Sammi
Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Chemistry Department, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorD. Schuhlein
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorP. Molina
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorN.D. Volkow
Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York.
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Previous measurements of the ratio of brain to venous blood alcohol have ranged from 21–100%, depending on the experimental model, pulse sequence, and the concentration reference used. The goal of this study was to evaluate the uptake kinetics and visibility of brain ethanol in comparison to venous blood levels using a pulse sequence that minimizes uncertainties due to differences in J-modulation, T1, and T2 between ethanol and the concentration standard. This was achieved using a short TE (24 msec) spin echo sequence with a semiselective refocusing pulse to minimize J-modulation losses of the ethanol. Brain ethanol levels were measured with 10-min time resolution using a 16 × 16 spectroscopic imaging matrix with nominal voxels of 1.44 cc. During the course of the study, the brain/blood alcohol ratio declined from a value of 1.54 ± 0.74 at 35 min after drinking to a final value of 0.93 ± 0.16 at 85 min postdrinking. Magn Reson Med 42:1019–1026, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
REFERENCES
- 1 Kalant H. Absorption, diffusion, distribution and elimination of ethanol: effects on biological membranes in biology of alcoholism, vol 1. In: B Kissin, H Belgeiter, editors. Biochemistry. New York: Plenum Press; 1971. p 1–62.
- 2 Novotny EJ, Ogino T, Rothman DL, Petroff OAC, Prichard JW, Shulman RG. Direct carbon versus proton heteronuclear editing of 2–13C ethanol in rabbit brain in vivo: a sensitivity comparison. Magn Reson Med 1990; 16: 431–443. Medline
- 3 Hanstock CC, Rothman DL, Shulman RG, Novotny EJ, Petroff OAC, Prichard JW. Measurement of ethanol in the human brain using NMR spectroscopy. J Stud Alcohol 1990; 51: 104–107. Medline
- 4 Chiu TM, Mendelson JH, Woods BT, Teoh SK, Levisohn L, Mello NK. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy detection of human alcohol tolerance. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32: 511–516. Medline
- 5 Kaufman MJ, Chiu TM, Mendelson JH, Woods BT, Teoh SK, Eros-Sarnyai M, Mercer G, Mello NK. Brain alcohol detectability increase with repeated administration in humans: a proton spectroscopy study. Magn Reson Med 1996; 35: 435–440. Medline
- 6 Moxon LN, Rose SE, Haseler LJ, Galloway GJ, Brereton IM, Bore P, Doddrell DM. The visibility of the 1H NMR signal of ethanol in the dog brain. Magn Reson Med 1991; 19: 340–348. Medline
- 7 Mendelson JH, Woods BT, Chiu TM, Mello NK, Lukas SE, Teoh SK, Sintavanarong P, Cochin J, Hopkins MA, Dobrosielski M. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of alcohol in human brain. Alcohol 1990; 7: 443–447. Medline
- 8 Kaufman MJ, Chiu TM, Mendelson JH, Woods BT, Mello NK, Lukas SE, Fivel PA, Wighton LG. In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of alcohol in rhesus monkey brain. Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 12: 1245–1253. Medline
- 9 Meyerhoff DJ, Rooney WD, Tokumitsu T, Weiner MW. Evidence of multiple ethanol pools in the brain: an in vivo proton magnetization transfer study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20: 1283–1288. Medline
- 10 Spielman DM, Glover GH, Macovski A, Pfefferbaum A. Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of ethanol in the human brain: a feasibility study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1993; 17: 1072–1077. Medline
- 11 Petroff OAC, Novotny EJ, Ogino T, Avison M, Prichard JW. In vivo measurements of ethanol concentration in rabbit brain by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurochem 1990; 54: 1188–1195. Medline
- 12 Ernst T, Hennig J. Coupling effects in volume selective 1H spectroscopy of major brain metabolites. Magn Reson Med 1991; 21: 82–96. Medline
- 13 Rose SE, Crozier S, Brereton IM, Moxon LN, Galloway GJ, Bore P, Doddrell DM. Measurement of the T2 relaxation time of ethanol and cerebral metabolites, in vivo. Magn Reson Med 1992; 23: 333–345. Medline
- 14 Meyerhoff DJ. Ethanol in human brain: relaxation and magnetization transfer. In: Proc ISMRM 6th Annual Meeting, Sydney, Australia, 1998. p 193.
- 15 Gruner O. Untersuchungen uber die Verteilung des Alkohols zwischen Wasser und Korperfett. Deut Z Ges Gerichtl Med 1959; 49: 235.
- 16 Lindenberg BA. Sur la solubilite des substances organiques amphipatiques dans les glycerides neutres et hydroxyles. J Chim Phys 1951; 48: 350.
- 17 Goldstein D. Absorption, distribution and elimination of ethanol in pharmacology of alcohol. New York: Oxford University Press; 1983. p 3–17.
- 18 Lowry OH, Passoneau JV. A flexible system for enzymatic analysis. New York: Academic Press; 1972.
- 19 Vaughan JT, Hetherington HP, Out JO, Pan JW, Pohost GM. High frequency volume coils for clinical NMR imaging and spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32: 206–218. Medline
- 20 Behar KL, Ogino T. Assignment of resonance in the 1H spectrum of rat brain by two-dimensional shift correlated and J-resolved NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 1991; 7: 285–303.
- 21 Hetherington HP, Pan JW, Mason GF, Ponder SL, Twieg DB, Deutsch G, Mountz J, Pohost GM. 2D 1H spectroscopic imaging of the human brain at 4.1 T. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32: 530–534. Medline
- 22 Pan JW, Twieg DB, Hetherington HP. Quantitative spectroscopic imaging of the human brain. Magn Reson Med 1998; 40: 363–369. Medline
- 23 Petroff OAC, Spencer DD, Alger JR, Prichard JW. High-field proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of human cerebrum obtained during surgery for epilepsy. Neurology 1989; 39: 1197–1202. Medline
- 24 Michaelis T, Merboldt KD, Bruhn H, Hanicke W, Frahm J. Absolute concentrations of metabolites in the adult human brain in vivo: quantification of localized proton MR spectra. Radiology 1993; 187: 219–227. Medline
- 25 Kreis R, Ernst T, Ross BD. Absolute quantification of water and metabolites in the human brain. II. Metabolite concentrations. J Magn Reson Series B 1993; 102: 9–19.
- 26 Hetherington HP, Mason GF, Pan JW, Ponder SL, Vaughan JT, Twieg DB, Pohost GM. Evaluation of cerebral gray and white matter metabolite differences by spectroscopic imaging at 4.1T. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32: 565–571. Medline
- 27 Hetherington HP, Pan JW, Mason GF, Adams D, Vaughn MJ, Twieg DB, Pohost GM. Quantitative 1H spectroscopic imaging of human brain at 4.1 T using image segmentation. Magn Reson Med 1996; 36: 21–29. Medline
- 28 Fu Y, Tanaka K, Nishimura S. Evaluation of brain edema using magnetic resonance proton relaxation times. In: Long, editor. Advances in neurology 51, brain edema. New York: Raven Press; 1980. p 165–176.
- 29 Posse S, Cuenod CA, Risinger R, Le Bihan D, Balaban RS. Anomalous transverse relaxation in 1H spectroscopy in human brain at 4 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 1995; 33: 246–252. Medline
