Spatially resolved measurements of hyperpolarized gas properties in the lung in vivo. Part I: Diffusion coefficient
Corresponding Author
X. Josette Chen
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Elaine G. Fitzsimons, Box 3302, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710.===Search for more papers by this authorHarald E. Möller
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorMark S. Chawla
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorGary P. Cofer
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorBastiaan Driehuys
Magnetic Imaging Technologies Inc., Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorLaurence W. Hedlund
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorG. Allan Johnson
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
X. Josette Chen
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Elaine G. Fitzsimons, Box 3302, DUMC, Durham, NC 27710.===Search for more papers by this authorHarald E. Möller
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorMark S. Chawla
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorGary P. Cofer
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorBastiaan Driehuys
Magnetic Imaging Technologies Inc., Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorLaurence W. Hedlund
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorG. Allan Johnson
Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
In imaging of hyperpolarized noble gases, a knowledge of the diffusion coefficient (D) is important both as a contrast mechanism and in the design of pulse sequences. We have made diffusion coefficient maps of both hyperpolarized 3He and 129Xe in guinea pig lungs. Along the length of the trachea, 3He D values were on average 2.4 cm2/sec, closely reproducing calculated values for free gas (2.05 cm2/sec). The 3He D values measured perpendicular to the length of the trachea were approximately a factor of two less, indicating restriction to diffusion. Further evidence of restricted diffusion was seen in the distal pulmonary airspaces as the average 3He D was 0.16 cm2/sec. An additional cause for the smaller 3He D in the lung was due to the presence of air, which is composed of heavier and larger gases. The 129Xe results show similar trends, with the trachea D averaging 0.068 cm2/sec and the lung D averaging 0.021 cm2/sec. Magn Reson Med 42:721–728, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
REFERENCES
- 1 Albert MS, Cates GD, Driehuys B, Happer W, Saam B, Springer CS Jr, Wishnia A. Biological magnetic resonance imaging using laser-polarized 129Xe. Nature 1994; 370: 199–201. Medline
- 2 Black RD, Middleton H, Cates GD, Cofer GP, Driehuys B, Happer W, Hedlund LW, Johnson GA, Shattuck MD, Swartz J. In vivo He-3 MR images of guinea pig lungs. Radiology 1996; 199: 867–870. Medline
- 3 MacFall JR, Charles HC, Black RD, Middleton H, Swartz J, Saam B, Dreihuys B, Erickson C, Happer W, Cates G, Johnson GA, Ravin CE. Human lung air spaces: potential for MR imaging with hyperpolarized He-3. Radiology 1996; 200: 553–558. Medline
- 4 Kauczor HU, Ebert M, Kreitner KF, Nilgens H, Surkau R, Heil W, Hofmann D, Otten EW, Thelen M. Imaging of the lungs using 3He MRI: preliminary clinical experience in 18 patients with and without lung disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 1997; 7: 538–543. Medline
- 5 Middleton H, Black R, Saam B, Cates G, Cofer G, Guenther B, Happer W, Hedlund L, Johnson G, Juvan K, Swartz J. MR imaging with hyperpolarized He-3 gas. Magn Reson Med 1995; 33: 271–275. Medline
- 6 Driehuys B, Cates GD, Miron E, Sauer K, Walter DK, Happer W. High-volume production of laser-polarized Xe-129. Appl Phys Lett 1996; 69: 1668–1670.
- 7 Hedlund LW, Cofer GP, O'Donnell JP, Owen SJ, Johnson GA. MRI of pulmonary airways with hyperpolarized helium: a computer-controlled ventilator for imaging synchronous gas delivery in animal studies. In: Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 1998 International Meeting, Chicago, IL, 1998. p A78.
- 8 Möller HE, Chen XJ, Chawla MS, Driehuys B, Hedlund LW, Johnson GA. Signal dynamics in magnetic resonance imaging of the lung with hyperpolarized noble gases. J Magn Reson 1998; 135: 133–143. Medline
- 9 Johnson GA, Chen XJ, Cates G, Cofer GP, Driehuys B, Hedlund LW, Happer W, Saam B, Shattuck MD, Swartz J. Dynamics of magnetization in hyperpolarized gas MRI of the lung. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38: 66–71. Medline
- 10 Glover G, Pauly J. Projection reconstruction techniques for reduction of motion effects in MRI. Magn Reson Med 1992; 28: 275–289. Medline
- 11 Brandl M, Haase A. Molecular diffusion in NMR microscopy. J Magn Reson Ser B 1994; 103: 162–167.
- 12 Mattiello J, Basser PJ, Le Bihan D. In: D Le Bihan, editor. Diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: applications to functional MRI. New York: Raven Press; 1995. p 80–82.
- 13 Hirschfelder JO, Curtiss CF, Bird RB. Molecular theory of gases and liquids. New York: Wiley; 1954.
- 14 Reid RC, Prausnitz JM, Sherwood TK. The properties of gases and liquids. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1977. p 678.
- 15 Neufeld PD, Janzen AR, Aziz RA. Empirical equations to calculate 16 of the transport collision integrals omega(l,s)* for the Lennard-Jones (12-6) potential. J Chem Phys 1972; 57: 1100–1102.
- 16 Landolt-Börnstein Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik Chemie Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1969.
- 17 Mair RW, Cory DG, Peled S, Tseng CH, Patz S, Walsworth RL. Pulsed-field-gradient measurements of time-dependent gas diffusion. J Magn Reson 1998; 135: 478–486. Medline
- 18 Peereboom PWE, Luigjes H, Prins KO. An NMR spin-echo study of self-diffusion in xenon. Physica A 1989; 156: 260–276.
- 19 Schmidt DM, George JS, Penttila SI, Caprihan A, Fukushima E. Diffusion imaging with hyperpolarized 3He gas. J Magn Reson 1997; 129: 184–187. Medline
- 20 Bock M. Simultaneous T2* and diffusion measurements with 3He. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38: 890–895. Medline
- 21 Patyal BR, Gao J-H, Williams R-F, Roby J, Saam B, Rockwell BA, Thomas RJ, Stolarski DJ, Fox PT. Longitudinal relaxation and diffusion measurements using magnetic resonance signals from laser-hyperpolarized 129Xe nuclei. J Magn Reson 1997; 126: 58–65. Medline
- 22 Kliment V. Similarity and dimensional analysis, evaluation of aerosol deposition in the lungs of laboratory animals and man. Folio Morphologica 1973; 21: 59–64.
- 23 Mugler JP, Brookeman JR, Knight-Scott J, Maier T, de Lange EE, Bogorad PL. Regional measurement of the 3He diffusion coefficient in the human lung. In: Proceedings of the 6th Scientific Meeting of ISMRM, Sydney, 1998. p 1906.
- 24 Mair T, Knight-Scott J, Mai VM, Mugler JP, Brookeman JR. Restricted diffusion of hyperpolarized 3He in the human lung. In: Proceedings of the 6th Scientific Meeting of ISMRM, Sydney, 1998. p 1913.
- 25 Carman PC. Flow of gas through porous media. New York: Academic; 1956. p 45–47.
- 26 Epstein N. On tortuosity and the tortuosity factor in flow and diffusion through porous media. Chem Eng Sci 1989; 44: 777–779.
- 27 Satterfield CN, Sherwood TK. The role of diffusion in catalysis. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1963.
- 28
Crosfill ML,
Widdicombe JG.
Physical characteristics of the chest and lungs and the work of breathing in different mammalian species.
J Physiol
1981;
158: 1–14.
10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006750 Google Scholar
- 29 Satterfield CN. Mass Transfer in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT; 1970.
- 30 Chen XJ, Chawla MS, Hedlund LW, Möller HE, MacFall JR, Johnson GA. MR microscopy of lung airways with hyperpolarized 3He. Magn Reson Med 1998; 39: 79–84. Medline
- 31
Viallon M,
Cofer GP,
Suddarth SA,
Möller H,
Chen XJ,
Chawla MS,
Hedlund LW,
Crémillieux Y,
Johnson GA.
Functional MR microscopy of the lung with hyperpolarized 3He.
Magn Reson Med
1999;
41: 787–792.
Medline
10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199904)41:4<787::AID-MRM18>3.0.CO;2-4 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 32 Hsu EW, Muzikant AL, Matulevicius SA, Penland RC, Henriquez CS. Magnetic resonance myocardial fiber orientation mapping with direct histological correlation. AJP: Heart Circ Phys 1998; 274: 1627–1634.
