2.1. Data Source Selection

The dataset for this study was sourced from the Scopus database, which is one of the most relevant sources of peer-reviewed literature. This database was selected because it has an extensive reach of quality works in multidisciplinary areas, for instance, in agriculture, food science, and sustainability [78, 79]. Its indexing features are powerful, and the functionality of searching is impressive and contributes to the accessibility of the relevant publications [69]. In addition, such comprehensive coverage was achieved in part due to the extensive scope of metadata offered by Scopus, which includes citation metrics, affiliation data, and even funding data, all of which are crucial when undertaking a bibliometric analysis [80].

2.2. Search Strategy

To locate relevant articles around edible insects, a query was developed consisting of keywords which represented the main concept and scope of the study as illustrated by Figure 1. The query included words like title-abs-key (“insect-based food products” or “insects in sustainable agriculture” or “insect-based protein market” or “insect protein sustainability” or “insects for livestock feed” or “insect protein animal feed” or “insects in food industry” or “sustainable insect farming” or “entomophagy and animal feed” or “edible insect”). This limited the sources to publications in English so as to promote reliability and uniformity within the data. Additionally, the timeframe was set between 2005 and 2024 to encompass two decades of research. After applying these criteria, the search yielded 2291 articles focused on edible insects.

2.3. Data Processing

The dataset retrieved was exported in CSV format and imported into the R software environment for bibliometric analysis using the Bibliometrix package by [67]. Bibliometrix is an open-source tool created for comprehensive bibliometric analysis and visualization. It allows cleaning and preprocessing of data and provides detailed descriptive statistics and network analyses. Quality assurance for the dataset was done by eliminating duplicate entries and incomplete records, while standardization of authors’ names and keywords was performed.

Descriptive insights into the research landscape were provided by key metrics such as the total number of publications, annual growth rate, and average citations per document. Coauthorship, cocitation, and keyword co-occurrence networks were built in order to study collaborative patterns and thematic structures within the field. Advanced visualizations created included thematic maps, trend analyses, and keyword networks for a more developed insight into the research domain.

2.4. Additional Analytical Tools

Other tools were added to Bibliometrix, which included VOSviewer, in order to create advance visualizations and analyses. VOSviewer [68] provided high-resolution network visualizations for coauthorship and keyword co-occurrence maps that efficiently handled big sets of data. Other tools used are Scimago Graphica and Tableau for the geographic representation of research contributions and for the article production by nation visualization. Microsoft Excel supported the organization and summarization of numerical data in tabular formats.

2.5. Analytical Dimensions

3.1. Analysis of Publication

The bibliometric analysis of publications related to edible insects for sustainable food and feed reveals significant trends over the past two decades (Figure 2), showcasing the growing interest in this field as a solution to global food security and sustainability challenges. By analyzing the distribution of publications from 2005 to 2024, we can observe a significant increase in research output, particularly in the last decade, with a peak in 2023 where 418 publications were recorded. This growth reflects the heightened awareness and research activity surrounding the use of edible insects as an alternative protein source. The slight decline in publications in 2024 suggests a potential stabilization in research output.

Comparing the first decade (2005–2014) with the second decade (2015–2024), there is a striking difference in research output. In the first decade, only about 100 documents were published, whereas the second decade saw a surge with over 2100 publications. This represents a more than 2000% increase in the number of publications, highlighting the escalating interest and importance of this research area. The dramatic rise in publications signifies that numerous aspects remain to be explored and understood. The significant increase in research output points to the vast potential of edible insects as a sustainable food and feed source and underscores the necessity for continued exploration and deeper understanding in this rapidly evolving field.

The annual growth rate of 37.27% highlights the rapid expansion of this research area, supported by a diverse range of topics explored by the 6709 contributing authors (Table 1). The broad distribution of publications across 605 sources suggests a broadening of interest across various academic platforms. The average of 27.63 citations per document demonstrates the impactful nature of this research, emphasizing its relevance in academic and practical discussions about sustainable food systems. With 4900 author keywords and 6969 Keywords Plus, the research encompasses various aspects.

3.2. Analysis of Number of Publications by Continent and Country

Figure 3 demonstrates that Europe leads the global scientific production on edible insects as sustainable food and feed, with a significant margin compared to other continents. Between 2020 and 2024, Europe accounted for 16,124 publications, representing an impressive 45.63% of global contributions. Italy led the region with 5008 publications, followed by Belgium with 1961 and the Netherlands with 1858. The impressive publication output observed across nations is closely tied to the robust funding frameworks established by leading institutions globally. Europe’s dominance in research publication is heavily supported by funding from institutions such as the European Commission, which leads globally with 96 funded projects, and the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, which has supported 41 projects. Belgium, as a major hub of European funding, accounts for 171 funded projects in total, underscoring its central role in driving research on edible insects. These initiatives have positioned edible insects as an emerging solution to reduce the environmental footprint of traditional livestock farming, aligning with the EU’s Green Deal and Farm to Fork strategy.

Additionally, Europe’s leadership in this area is bolstered by favorable regulations, like the “Novel Foods” legislation (EU No. 2015/2283), providing a clear framework for insect production and marketing, boosting investment and consumer trust [81]. Most European insect production targets the feed sector, with BSF larvae and mealworms dominating, while crickets, locusts, and mealworms are produced for human consumption [82]. Leftover substrates are also repurposed as mineral fertilizer replacements, supporting circular economy practices [83]. Collaborative networks among academia, government, and industry further strengthen Europe’s position as a leader in edible insect innovation.

In comparison, Asia emerges as a strong second, contributing 10,998 publications or 25.42% of global publications through 12 countries. Within Asia, South Korea stands out with 4107 publications, followed by China with 3114 and India with 1300 (Table 2 and Figure 4), benefitting from substantial funding as well. South Korea leads with the most research projects in the region, totaling 167 projects across sponsors like the National Research Foundation of Korea (55 projects), Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (39 projects), Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (37 projects), and Korea Food Research Institute (36 projects). Similarly, China, which ranks third globally, has received 57 funded projects from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Table 3). These institutions exemplify Asia’s growing research capacity and investment in this field. Asia’s tropical and subtropical climates naturally support insect farming, enabling diverse species to thrive.

Asia’s cultural familiarity with entomophagy continues to be a driving force behind its innovation and leadership in the edible insect industry. Countries such as Korea, India, Japan, and Thailand have long-standing traditions of incorporating insects into their diets. For example, silkworm pupae are popularly consumed in Korea, stinkbugs are a delicacy in India, grasshoppers are often enjoyed in Japan during seasonal festivities, and fried crickets are a staple in Thailand [84–86]. This deep-rooted cultural acceptance has provided a foundation for both traditional and commercial innovation, allowing the region to capitalize on its inherent advantages.

The commercialization of edible insects in Asia is marked by the growth of both small-scale farming and industrial-scale production facilities. Thailand, with approximately 20,000 cricket farmers, has emerged as a leader in cricket farming, catering to both domestic and export markets [87]. Companies such as Bugsolutely in Thailand and Ento in Malaysia are pioneering insect-based products, including cricket flour, burgers, and energy bars. Similarly, Vietnam is home to large-scale production facilities, such as those operated by Entobel, which focus on BSF farming for animal feed and organic waste management [81]. These facilities exemplify how Asia leverages both traditional practices and modern technologies to meet growing market demands.

Institutional and regulatory support also plays a significant role in fostering growth. For example, countries like Thailand and China have implemented safety and quality standards for insect production, particularly for cricket farming, to meet international market requirements such as those set by the European Union [81]. These measures have enabled the export of edible insects and their derivatives, positioning Asia as a critical player in global markets. The development of BSF farms in India and large-scale cricket farms in Korea further demonstrates the region’s capacity to expand both its research and commercialization efforts [86, 87]. Asia’s leadership in edible insect research is further bolstered by its tropical and subtropical climates, which are ideal for farming diverse insect species [88]. This unique combination of cultural acceptance, favorable environmental conditions, and institutional support has cemented Asia’s status as a key player in the global edible insect industry.

Africa, with 14.30% of global publications from 11 contributing countries, also leverages its favorable climate. Kenya (2040 publications) and South Africa (862) lead the continent’s output (Table 2). This progress is partly attributed to initiatives like the FAO’s 2013 campaign, which promoted insect domestication and led to the establishment of over 2300 small-scale insect farms in sub-Saharan Africa [10, 89]. BSF farming has emerged as a major area of focus, driven by its capacity to convert organic waste into protein-rich feed. Companies such as InsectiPro in Kenya and Maltento in South Africa have advanced BSF production for applications in aquaculture, poultry, and livestock farming [90].

Crickets and grasshoppers also hold considerable significance in Africa. Approximately 26 cricket species are consumed across 25 countries, while grasshoppers like Ruspolia differens are widely harvested as a traditional food source [91]. Cricket farming is gaining momentum in countries such as Kenya and Uganda, whereas grasshoppers are still primarily collected from the wild, highlighting the need for more domestication efforts [92, 93].

Financial and collaborative efforts are instrumental in supporting the region’s edible insect sector. Noteworthy contributions include Japan International Cooperation Agency’s (JICA) $2.5 million investment in Kenya’s Regen Organics, the largest BSF facility in the country, and a 3-year BSF project funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation in Ghana, Mali, and Niger to improve urban sanitation and promote small-scale farming [89, 94]. These partnerships, combined with Africa’s diverse insect biodiversity, provide a strong foundation for the continent’s growing role in the edible insect industry. While challenges such as limited financial resources and regulatory frameworks persist, Africa’s expanding international collaborations and innovative initiatives indicate promising future growth in both food and feed applications [89, 94].

America, with only five countries contributing, accounts for 12.85% of global publications, led by the United States (2104) and Mexico (1860) (Table 2). Although the region lacks a cultural tradition of insect consumption, increasing awareness of sustainability and the demand for alternative protein sources have driven advancements. America’s diverse climates, from tropical zones in Latin America to temperate regions in North America, offer favorable conditions for insect farming. These factors, combined with substantial investments, have helped position the region as an emerging player in the edible insect industry.

In the United States, cricket farming has gained prominence, with at least 11 farms offering products for both food and feed [81]. Companies such as All Things Bugs, which received $5 million in research funding [95], and Chapul Farms, with $2.5 million in financial support [96], have been pivotal in advancing production. Other firms, including Top Hat Cricket and Fluker Farms, focus on mealworms, crickets, and BSFs. Investments in mealworm farming have also scaled up, with Beta Hatch raising $10 million to open a 50,000-square-foot facility in Washington [97]. Additionally, the French company Ÿnsect has expanded into the United States with a Nebraska facility supported by over $500 million in funding [98].

In Latin America, Mexico leads the region in edible insect production, leveraging its biodiversity to farm species like crickets, mealworms, and grasshoppers (Sphenarium purpurascens), commonly used in local dishes such as chapulines. Brazil and Colombia are beginning to explore insect farming, focusing primarily on animal feed for aquaculture and poultry. Despite this progress, regulatory challenges remain a significant barrier, as many countries lack clear frameworks governing insect farming, processing, and commercialization [29, 81].

Collaboration with international partners has been crucial in addressing these challenges. In North America, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has supported projects exploring BSF farming for organic waste management and sustainable feed. Similarly, Latin American countries have partnered with European institutions to improve insect farming technologies. These collaborations are instrumental in establishing safety standards, scaling production, and enhancing export potential [81].

In America, the focus has predominantly been on using insects for animal feed, with BSF and mealworms leading applications in aquaculture, poultry, and livestock. However, interest in edible insects for human consumption is growing. Startups are introducing innovative products like cricket-based protein bars, powders, and snacks. Meanwhile, in Latin America, insects remain primarily used as traditional food, though their application in feed is steadily increasing [81].

Australia and New Zealand contribute only 1.80% of global publications on edible insects (Table 2), but Australia’s arid and semiarid climates provide ideal conditions for water-efficient farming of species such as crickets (Acheta domesticus), mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), and BSFs (Hermetia illucens). Over the past decades, these conditions, coupled with growing sustainability concerns, have spurred interest in edible insect farming. However, the sector faces challenges, including limited funding, high substrate costs, unclear regulations, and low consumer acceptance. Most edible insect businesses in Australia are small startups, which struggle to scale production and meet increasing demand [99]. Crickets and mealworms are primarily used for human consumption, often processed into powders and snacks, while BSFs are mainly reared for animal feed and organic waste management. Companies such as Circle Harvest and GoTerra have made strides in producing innovative products, with GoTerra also utilizing BSFs for waste conversion into high-protein feed. These efforts align with sustainability goals and highlight the sector’s potential [81]. While funding remains limited compared to regions like Europe, collaborations with international organizations have provided valuable support. Australian institutions, such as CSIRO, have partnered with global leaders like Thailand and the Netherlands to adopt best practices. However, the absence of comprehensive regulations continues to hinder market access and export potential. Public education campaigns and innovative product offerings are vital to overcoming consumer hesitancy and food neophobia [10, 100].

The sharp increase in global scientific output between 2020 and 2024 reflects heightened awareness of edible insects as a viable solution to food security and sustainability challenges. This surge can be attributed to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which exposed vulnerabilities in global food systems, alongside advancements in food technology and increasing funding opportunities [101]. Europe’s institutional and financial strength has enabled it to remain at the forefront of this research, while Asia and Africa’s contributions emphasize the importance of cultural and natural factors. The Americas and Australia, despite smaller contributions, highlight the role of innovation and policy support in driving research in less traditional regions.

The distribution of scientific articles across various countries based on the number of contributions by corresponding authors is illustrated in Figure 5. Korea emerges as the leading contributor with 196 articles. Italy follows with 173 articles and China with 138 articles. These three countries exemplify their prominent roles in driving research and development globally.

3.3. Analysis of Article Sources by Country

Table 4 identifies the top 10 significant journals contributing to this field. Among them, the Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, published by Wageningen Academic Publishers in the Netherlands, emerges as the most prolific, with 306 articles. This highlights its specialized focus and the growing interest in edible insects for sustainable food systems. Other major contributors include MDPI’s Foods and Insects, based in Switzerland, which have published 142 and 51 articles, respectively. These journals benefit from MDPI’s open-access model, enabling widespread dissemination of research findings. Elsevier’s prominent journals, such as Food Chemistry, Food Research International, and LWT, also demonstrate strong representation from the Netherlands, collectively contributing over 100 articles. This underscores Elsevier’s pivotal role in advancing food science and sustainability research. Additionally, journals like Sustainability (Switzerland) reflect the interdisciplinary nature of the field, bridging sustainability, environmental science, and food innovation.

Table 5 highlights the top 10 countries hosting journals that publish articles in this field. The United States leads with 115 journals, representing 19% of the total, reflecting its robust research infrastructure and significant investments in sustainable food systems. The United Kingdom, with 105 journals (17%), demonstrates its strong focus on food innovation and environmental sustainability. The Netherlands, hosting 98 journals (16%), emerges as a critical hub for food science research, bolstered by key publishers like Elsevier and Wageningen Academic Publishers. Switzerland, home to MDPI and other major publishers, contributes 69 journals (11%), emphasizing its support for open-access research and interdisciplinary studies. Other countries, including Germany (37 journals), Italy (28 journals), India (25 journals), France (19 journals), Canada, and Australia (12 journals each), reflect diverse research perspectives and growing global interest in edible insects.

The graphical representation of subject areas further underscores the interdisciplinary nature of research on edible insects (Figure 6). The largest share, agricultural and biological sciences (40%), highlights the foundational role of agriculture and biology in understanding insect farming, nutritional value, and sustainable practices. This aligns with efforts to position insects as a viable alternative protein source. Social sciences (7%) emphasize the importance of cultural acceptance, consumer behavior, and policy frameworks in promoting edible insects. Similarly, biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology (7%) reflect the exploration of nutritional and functional properties of insect proteins, crucial for addressing malnutrition and improving food security. Contributions from engineering (6%) and environmental science (5%) demonstrate technological advancements in processing methods and the ecological benefits of insects, including reduced carbon footprints and efficient resource use.

Additionally, subject areas like medicine (5%), health professions (3%), and nursing (4%) highlight the growing interest in the health implications of insect consumption, such as improved diet quality and addressing nutritional deficiencies. The inclusion of chemical engineering (2%) further underscores the focus on optimizing production processes for scalability. This interdisciplinary scope reflects the potential of edible insects to address multiple global challenges, from reducing greenhouse gas emissions and land use in traditional agriculture to providing high-quality nutrition in food-insecure regions.

3.4. Country Analysis by Author

The analysis of author contributions highlights the influential role of leading researchers in advancing edible insect studies worldwide. Yun-Sang Choi from South Korea is at the forefront, with 38 publications, closely followed by Arnold Van Huis from the Netherlands, who has authored 33 papers (Table 6 and Figure 7). Choi’s research primarily focuses on processing techniques and functional properties of insects as food ingredients, supporting South Korea’s rise in technological innovations in edible insect products [102–105]. Meanwhile, Van Huis has been instrumental in raising global awareness about the ecological and nutritional benefits of entomophagy, with his work for the FAO laying a foundational narrative for edible insects in sustainable food systems [10, 17, 94, 106].

In Africa, researchers like Chrysantus M. Tanga, Sunday Ekesi, and Saliou Niassy, affiliated with the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), have contributed to practical advancements, particularly in BSF farming. Their studies have promoted BSF as a sustainable option for livestock feed and organic waste management, directly addressing food security challenges in Kenya and other African nations [89, 90, 107]. These efforts have encouraged local farmers to adopt innovative practices, benefiting regional economies and reducing environmental impacts. Additionally, Kenyan researchers have played a pivotal role in integrating edible insects into urban recycling systems, showcasing Africa’s growing potential in sustainable agricultural solutions [108].

European researchers, including Nanna Roos from Denmark and Andrea Osimani from Italy, have deepened the field by addressing consumer acceptance and microbial safety issues. Roos’s research explores Northern European consumers’ perceptions of insect-based foods, highlighting psychological and market barriers to adoption [109]. Osimani’s work, focusing on microbial safety, has guided the development of safety regulations crucial for commercializing insect-derived products in Europe [110, 111].

South Korea, with contributions from Tae-Kyung Kim, has emerged as a leader in developing innovative processing techniques and chemical analyses for edible insects. These advancements have bolstered the country’s capacity to scale up insect-based food production, making it a global competitor in the field [112, 113].

The consistent outputs of these scholars have shaped global edible insect research, bridging academic insights with practical applications (Figure 8). Kenyan authors’ increasing contributions in recent years underscore Africa’s growing focus on sustainable solutions. Collaborative networks and funding initiatives have further supported these advancements, emphasizing the interconnected nature of edible insect research in addressing global challenges.

3.5. Analysis of Number of Citations by Country

The data highlights the most-cited countries in research on edible insects as sustainable food and feed, showcasing both total citations and average citations per article (Table 7 and Figure 9). The Netherlands stands out as the leading contributor, with 6615 total citations and an exceptional average of 83.7 citations per article, reflecting the high impact and quality of its publications in this field. Italy follows with 6428 total citations but a significantly lower average of 37.2 citations per article, suggesting a greater volume of publications with a more distributed citation pattern. Germany (4870 total citations) and the United Kingdom (1944 total citations) also demonstrate strong contributions, with average citations per article of 46.4 and 41.4, respectively, indicating the notable influence of their research.

Korea (3946 total citations) and China (3287 total citations) rank highly in total citations but have lower averages of 20.1 and 23.8 citations per article, indicating broader but less concentrated citation distribution. Belgium (2733 total citations) and the United States (2628 total citations) maintain a moderate level of contribution, with average article citations of 36 and 32.4, respectively. Poland (2462 total citations) and Kenya (2200 total citations) follow closely, with similar average citations per article of 25.1 and 25.6.

3.6. Analysis of Collaboration and Network by Country

The collaborative structure in edible insect research, as depicted in Figure 10a, provides an intricate view of global partnerships organized into seven distinct clusters. These clusters reflect varying degrees of regional and international cooperation, underscoring the interconnectedness of research efforts worldwide. It shows seven distinct clusters of countries grouped based on shared coauthorship. Cluster 1 comprises 14 countries: Brazil, Croatia, Greece, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Mexico, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey. Cluster 2 includes 13 countries: Austria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Denmark, Egypt, France, Hungary, Sweden, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Cluster 3 features 11 countries: Australia, Ethiopia, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, Switzerland, and Taiwan. Cluster 4 consists of 10 countries: China, the Czech Republic, Ecuador, Iran, Israel, Norway, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, and Sudan. Cluster 5 also includes 10 countries: Argentina, Cameroon, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Cluster 6 consists of 9 countries: Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Finland, Japan, Laos, Netherlands, and South Korea. Cluster 7 comprises two countries: Ireland and Italy. These collaborations demonstrate the global interconnectedness of research, with strong regional partnerships in some clusters and broader international networks in others.

Cluster 1, which includes countries such as Brazil, Poland, and Spain, represents a diverse group of nations from Europe and Latin America focused on incorporating edible insects into sustainable agricultural systems. Spain, for instance, has prioritized cricket farming and the extraction of bioactive compounds from insects for functional food products. Collaborative efforts with Italy and Portugal have further strengthened these initiatives, advancing research in food innovation and sustainability [81]. Poland, on the other hand, has concentrated its efforts on sustainable feed solutions, collaborating with research hubs in Germany and the United Kingdom to improve insect farming technologies and develop efficient feed formulations for livestock and aquaculture.

Cluster 2 highlights prominent nations like the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, which have utilized their advanced research infrastructure to lead global collaborations, particularly with Africa and Asia. The United States has invested heavily in developing large-scale farming technologies for mealworms and BSFs. These efforts are complemented by partnerships with European and Latin American countries to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and technologies [10, 12]. Similarly, France has extended its collaboration with Kenya and other African nations, focusing on scaling up BSF farming for waste management and livestock feed production. These partnerships have been supported by international organizations like the FAO, further driving the application of insects as a sustainable solution to global agricultural challenges [114].

Key contributors in the global network include Germany, Italy, and Kenya, which have established extensive connections with 296, 217, and 192 countries, respectively. Germany’s prominent position stems from its robust funding ecosystem, supported by initiatives like Horizon 2020 and Horizon Europe, enabling extensive collaborations with European countries such as Belgium and Italy (European Commission, 2022). Italy’s expertise in sustainable insect farming has facilitated partnerships with African countries like Kenya and Tanzania, focusing on dual applications for food and feed [115]. Meanwhile, Kenya has emerged as a significant player in Africa, bolstered by partnerships with international donors like the JICA, which invested $2.5 million in Regen Organics, Kenya’s largest insect feed industry. These initiatives are aimed at enhancing urban waste management and supporting small-scale farming [116].

Recent trends highlighted in Figure 10b indicate the emergence of countries such as Spain, Poland, Greece, Indonesia, Ecuador, and Lithuania as active contributors to edible insect research. Spain, with its increasing focus on cricket farming and functional food development, has forged stronger collaborations with other Mediterranean and Latin American nations [86]. Poland has intensified partnerships with Germany and the United Kingdom to optimize farming systems and feed production. In Asia, Indonesia has expanded its engagement in insect-based waste management research, collaborating with South Korea, Japan, and Malaysia to develop scalable technologies for BSF farming [81]. Similarly, Ecuador has aligned its research with waste recycling and protein extraction, forming strategic partnerships with European and Latin American institutions to enhance production capacities and technology transfer [117].

Emerging nations such as Lithuania and Greece have utilized European Union funding to focus on niche areas like bioactive compounds and innovative processing techniques, integrating into broader European research networks with countries like Belgium and Italy. African nations, including Cameroon and Uganda, are building their research capacity through collaborations with Germany and France, emphasizing the scaling up of insect farming for animal feed applications.

Efforts to strengthen collaboration are further supported by initiatives that promote global connectivity in edible insect research. European countries continue to allocate substantial resources through programs like Horizon Europe, fostering partnerships with underrepresented research hubs. In Asia, South Korea and Japan have initiated bilateral agreements with countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia, focusing on advancements in insect protein extraction and processing. Additionally, organizations like the FAO and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation have established platforms for knowledge sharing, allowing emerging players like Ecuador and Kenya to adopt best practices in insect farming and waste management [81, 93].

These collaborative efforts underscore the growing recognition of edible insects as a viable solution to address pressing global issues such as food security, sustainability, and climate change. Through international networks, countries are advancing research, fostering innovation, and ensuring the equitable distribution of the benefits associated with edible insect technologies, paving the way for a more resilient and sustainable global food system.

Table 8 and Figure 11 provide a detailed view of research collaboration patterns through single-country production (SCP) and multiple country production (MCP). SCP measures research output conducted solely within a single country, while MCP reflects publications involving international collaboration. According to the data, Korea has the highest SCP (170), followed by Italy (133) and China (107), indicating these countries’ robust capacity for independent research. This suggests a strong domestic research infrastructure and focus on self-reliant scientific contributions.

In contrast, countries like Kenya (MCP 49) and Germany (MCP 48) exhibit higher MCP values, indicating significant involvement in international research partnerships. Belgium (SCP 35, MCP 41) also shows a strong balance between independent and collaborative research efforts, suggesting an integrated approach to global knowledge sharing.

The data further highlights the Netherlands with a relatively even split (SCP 58, MCP 21), reflecting its dual strategy of producing impactful domestic research while maintaining consistent participation in international collaborations. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom (SCP 25, MCP 22), demonstrate a more balanced approach, contributing to both single-country and multicountry publications. The balance between SCP and MCP in many countries illustrates the complementary roles of domestic focus and global collaboration in driving scientific progress.

3.7. Content Analysis

As shown in Table 9, recent research on edible insects increasingly focuses on their nutritional value, sustainability, and applications as novel foods, reflecting their growing role in addressing global food and feed challenges. The keyword “Edible” dominates with the highest frequency (1184) and total link strength (2384), highlighting its central role in the discourse on edible insects. This aligns with studies emphasizing their potential as sustainable alternatives to conventional protein sources, contributing to food security and environmental preservation.

Keywords such as “Entomophagy” (frequency 415, link strength 1064) and “Novel food” (136, 399) underline the cultural, social, and innovative aspects of consuming insects. These findings align with research by [118] and [119], which explore consumer acceptance and the integration of edible insects into mainstream food systems. The inclusion of “Food safety” (97, 268) and “Sustainability” (97, 292) indicates ongoing efforts to ensure that insect-based products meet safety standards while addressing environmental concerns, consistent with the findings of Baiano [120].

Nutritional aspects are another critical focus, as shown by keywords like “Protein” (87, 290), “Amino acid” (38, 125), and “Fatty acid” (52, 156), reflecting the emphasis on the health benefits of edible insects. These align with studies that investigate the nutritional composition of insects, such as [12], which identified insects as a rich source of essential nutrients. Additionally, keywords like “Mealworm” (73, 173) and “Tenebrio” (108, 270) point to specific insect species frequently studied for their suitability in food and feed applications. These species are explored for their high protein content, easy farming methods, and low environmental impact. This focus is consistent with work published in journals such as the Journal of Insects as Food and Feed and Food Research International. The presence of terms like “Consumer acceptance” (52, 168) and “Disgust” (24, 67) highlights the social and psychological barriers to adopting edible insects. This reflects efforts to understand and overcome consumer hesitations, as documented by [121]. Furthermore, “Chitin” (31, 92) and “Antioxidant” (34, 90) point to the functional properties of edible insects, suggesting potential applications in health and biotechnology sectors.

We used VOSviewer to create the network visualization, identifying a total of 4871 keywords in the dataset. After filtering for a minimum keyword occurrence of 10, this number was reduced to 116. Subsequently, a thesaurus file was applied to merge similar terms. The use of network visualization is essential for understanding the structure and dynamics of research trends within a field. It enables researchers to identify key themes, prominent keywords, and the relationships between various research topics [68]. These visual tools provide a strategic advantage by helping researchers navigate complex datasets and uncover patterns that might otherwise be difficult to discern. Additionally, visualizing keyword networks aids in identifying influential studies and the collaborative networks driving innovation, allowing policymakers and funding agencies to allocate resources more effectively [70].

Figure 12 visualizes the research landscape on edible insects as sustainable food and feed, showcasing various interconnected keywords grouped into clusters, each representing specific thematic focuses in the field. The size of the nodes reflects the frequency of keyword occurrences, with larger nodes indicating greater prominence. Edges between nodes represent co-occurrence relationships, with thicker lines denoting stronger associations. Clusters are color-coded to group thematically related topics. Table 10 provides additional clarity by identifying key terms associated with each cluster. Cluster 1 emphasizes the biological and nutritional properties of edible insects, with keywords like “protein,” “amino acid,” and “functional properties.” This cluster highlights research exploring the fundamental components that make insects a viable and sustainable source of nutrition.

Cluster 2 focuses on innovative technologies such as “3D food printing” and “novel food.” This area of research explores how modern technology can be applied to make edible insects more appealing and accessible to consumers, particularly in creating new forms of insect-based products. Cluster 3 revolves around allergenic concerns, with terms like “allergy,” “allergenic,” and “risk assessment.” This cluster reflects research addressing consumer safety and the potential risks associated with the consumption of edible insects.

Cluster 4 includes broader environmental and cultural aspects, with keywords like “Africa,” “climate change,” and “traditional knowledge.” This cluster emphasizes the role of edible insects in mitigating environmental challenges and their cultural significance in various regions. Cluster 5 highlights the antioxidant properties of edible insects, as seen in keywords like “antioxidant” and “bioactive compounds.” Research in this cluster explores the potential health benefits of insect-derived components in improving human well-being. Cluster 6 focuses on the physiological and chemical components of insects, with terms like “amino acid,” “fatty acid,” and “chitin.” This cluster investigates the unique biochemical properties that contribute to the nutritional value and functional applications of edible insects. Cluster 7 is centered on insect farming and consumer acceptance, featuring terms like “insect farming,” “sustainability,” and “consumer behavior.” This cluster addresses both the production and market dynamics of edible insects, emphasizing sustainable practices and consumer perceptions.

Through the analysis of keyword clusters and network visualization, it can be concluded that research on edible insects primarily focuses on several key perspectives. From the nutritional perspective, the research emphasizes the potential of edible insects to address global food and feed security challenges and provide a sustainable alternative to traditional protein sources. Studies in this area explore the nutritional benefits of insects and their role in combating malnutrition and meeting dietary needs efficiently.

From the consumer perspective, research delves into understanding consumer behavior, acceptance, and perceptions of edible insects as food. This includes examining factors such as cultural acceptance, willingness to adopt insect-based products, and strategies to overcome barriers like neophobia and societal stigma. These studies are aimed at enhancing consumer trust and increasing the marketability of edible insect products. From the environmental perspective, the focus is on the sustainability of insect farming and its role in mitigating the environmental impact of food production. Research highlights the reduced resource use, climate change, food security, and lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with insect farming, circular economy, and consumer acceptance.

From the technological perspective, the studies address advancements in production, processing, and safety standards for edible insects. The application of modern technologies such as innovative farming systems, food processing techniques, and quality control measures ensures that insect-based products meet safety and regulatory requirements while remaining scalable and efficient.

Despite edible insect research being established over two decades ago, substantial growth in interest and output has only emerged in the past 10 years. The earlier stages of research were characterized by limited findings, with the field still in its embryonic phase, lacking significant focus and clear thematic directions. However, recent years have witnessed a marked increase in attention and collaboration, with stronger linkages forming between research themes, laying a solid foundation for future advancements in the field.

Figure 13 is the overlay visualization by VOSviewer showing the evolution of research topics related to edible insects through the mapping of relevant keywords in the field. This overlay is useful for insight into the evolution of research over time and also shows clusters of topics according to their importance over different time periods. The color gradient shows the average year of publication associated with each keyword: darker shades (purple) correspond to older research topics, and lighter shades (yellow) correspond to more recent areas of investigation.

Previous studies, represented by the purple shades, focused primarily on core topics such as “entomophagy,” “nutrition,” and “sustainability.” These are the subjects that underpin initial research into the potential of edible insects as alternative protein sources to meet global food security challenges. Early research also looked at “protein,” “amino acids,” and “functional properties,” representing the nutritional benefits and biochemical characteristics of insects as food. Considerable attention has been given to the ecological benefits of entomophagy, where scholars have assessed their potential to lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce land use in comparison with conventional livestock production systems [10].

Terminology like “novel food,” “food safety,” “consumer acceptance,” and “insect farming” (in green and yellow shades) highlights present-day research areas. More recent studies have increasingly looked at the challenges associated with integrating edible insects into traditional food systems. These include improving safety protocols in processing, assessing the allergenic potential of such foods (e.g., “tropomyosin” and “allergen”), and studying consumer attitudes in overcoming food neophobia. Contemporary studies underline the importance of sustainable agricultural methodologies, with a particular focus on improving the use of species like “BSF” and “crickets” for food and feed production [32]. Even the concept of a circular economy, coined by terms like “waste reduction” and “sustainable food,” is showing a growing interest in the use of insects in managing organic waste and as a source for livestock and aquaculture.

Contemporary terms such as “bioactive compounds,” “chitin,” “antioxidants,” and “peptides” reflect growing scholarly attention to the potential health benefits of entomophagy or the eating of insects. Studies are under way to determine how these bioactive components may be responsible for improving gut health, enhancing immune response, and reducing inflammation, thus solidifying the use of edible insects as useful components in functional foods and nutraceuticals [25]. Further research is expected to continue to explore food processing innovations, applications of functional foods, and geographical focus expansion in examining underutilized insect species found in biodiversity-rich areas such as Africa and Latin America. Integrating scientific progress with consumer acceptance, the sector of edible insects is poised to change the face of global food systems for the promotion of resilient dietary practices. Another emerging theme pertains to “consumer perception” and “sensory analysis,” through which research efforts have been devoted to finding methodologies that enhance the taste, visual appeal, and commercial viability of insect-derived products to gain consumer acceptance in nontraditional markets.

3.8. Future Research Directions

The bibliometric analysis of research related to edible insects reveals several promising avenues for future investigations. These directions do not only try to address the current gaps but also align with global challenges such as food security, sustainability, and nutrition.