Chapter 24
Molecular Typing of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii Species Complex
Wieland Meyer,
Felix Gilgado,
Popchai Ngamskulrungroj,
Luciana Trilles,
Ferry Hagen,
Elizabeth Castañeda,
Teun Boekhout,
Wieland Meyer
Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School - Westmead at Westmead Hospital, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorFelix Gilgado
Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School - Westmead at Westmead Hospital, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorPopchai Ngamskulrungroj
Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School - Westmead at Westmead Hospital, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorLuciana Trilles
Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorFerry Hagen
CBS-KNAW Fungal Diversity Centre, NL-3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth Castañeda
Emerita Investigator, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
Search for more papers by this authorTeun Boekhout
CBS-KNAW Fungal Diversity Centre, NL-3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorWieland Meyer,
Felix Gilgado,
Popchai Ngamskulrungroj,
Luciana Trilles,
Ferry Hagen,
Elizabeth Castañeda,
Teun Boekhout,
Wieland Meyer
Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School - Westmead at Westmead Hospital, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorFelix Gilgado
Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School - Westmead at Westmead Hospital, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorPopchai Ngamskulrungroj
Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School - Westmead at Westmead Hospital, Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145 Australia
Search for more papers by this authorLuciana Trilles
Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Search for more papers by this authorFerry Hagen
CBS-KNAW Fungal Diversity Centre, NL-3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorElizabeth Castañeda
Emerita Investigator, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia
Search for more papers by this authorTeun Boekhout
CBS-KNAW Fungal Diversity Centre, NL-3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
Search for more papers by this authorBook Editor(s):Joseph Heitman,
Thomas R. Kozel,
Kyung J. Kwon-Chung,
John R. Perfect,
Arturo Casadevall,
Joseph Heitman
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710
Search for more papers by this authorThomas R. Kozel
University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, 89557-0320
Search for more papers by this authorKyung J. Kwon-Chung
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892
Search for more papers by this authorJohn R. Perfect
Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710
Search for more papers by this authorArturo Casadevall
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
A large number of molecular typing techniques have been applied over the years to discriminate between individual isolates that had been indistinguishable using conventional techniques and to obtain further insights into the epidemiology and population structure of this species complex. This chapter aims to summarize the diverse typing techniques applied to the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex, to correlate the obtained results, and to describe the global distribution of the major genotypes. The enzymes malate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, phosphoglyceromutase, and glutamate dehydrogenase could separate C. gattii from C. neoformans. Electrophoretic karyotyping was for the first time applied to the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex to study the genetic diversity between seven cryptococcal strains representing all four serotypes. PCR fingerprinting using the primer (GACA)4 was applied to 110 cryptococcal isolates obtained mainly from Germany and Africa as well as additional globally collected reference strains. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns result from the presence of a restriction enzyme cleavage site at one place in the genome in one individual and the absence of that specific site in another individual. Intergenic spacer (IGS) sequence analysis is a powerful tool to delineate the two varieties of C. neoformans and separate the four major molecular types of C. gattii.
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