Evaluation of the effects of dietary advanced glycation end products on inflammation
Corresponding Author
Büşra Demirer
Nutrition and Dietetics, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
Correspondence
Büşra Demirer, Nutrition and Dietetics, Karabuk University Faculty of Health Science, Karabuk, Turkey.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorMehmet Fisunoğlu
Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Büşra Demirer
Nutrition and Dietetics, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
Correspondence
Büşra Demirer, Nutrition and Dietetics, Karabuk University Faculty of Health Science, Karabuk, Turkey.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorMehmet Fisunoğlu
Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a large number of heterogeneous compounds formed by the glycation of proteins, fats or nucleic acids. Endogenous AGEs have been associated with various health problems such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Inflammation is thought to be one of the main mechanisms in the development of these disorders. Although AGEs are produced endogenously in the body, exogenous sources such as smoking and diet also contribute to the body pool. Therefore, when the AGE pool in the body rises above physiological levels, different pathological conditions may occur through various mechanisms, especially inflammation. While the effects of endogenous AGEs on the development of inflammation have been studied relatively extensively, and current evidence indicates that dietary AGEs (dAGEs) contribute to the body's AGE pool, it is not yet known whether dAGEs have the same effect on the development of inflammation as endogenous AGEs. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the results of cross-sectional and intervention studies to understand whether dAGEs are associated with inflammation and, if there is an effect on inflammation, through which mechanisms this effect might occur.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data sharing not applicable—no new data generated.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
---|---|
nbu12653-sup-0001-TableS1.docxWord 2007 document , 16.8 KB |
Table S1. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
REFERENCES
- Acosta, J., Hettinga, J., Flückiger, R., Krumrei, N., Goldfine, A., Angarita, L. et al. (2000) Molecular basis for a link between complement and the vascular complications of diabetes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 5450–5455.
- Almajwal, A.M., Alam, I., Abulmeaty, M., Razak, S., Pawelec, G. & Alam, W. (2020) Intake of dietary advanced glycation end products influences inflammatory markers, immune phenotypes, and antiradical capacity of healthy elderly in a little-studied population. Food Science & Nutrition, 8, 1046–1057.
- Aroni, A., Zyga, S., Tsironi, M., Presvelos, D., Drakopoulos, A., Ralli, M. et al. (2019) Correlation of dietary advanced glycation end products with the hematological and biochemical markers of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Cureus, 11, e6360.
- Asadipooya, K., Lankarani, K.B., Raj, R. & Kalantarhormozi, M. (2019) RAGE is a potential cause of onset and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2019, 2151302.
- Bartling, B., Fuchs, C., Somoza, V., Niemann, B., Silber, R.-E. & Simm, A. (2007) Lung level of HMBG1 is elevated in response to advanced glycation end product-enriched food in vivo. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 51, 479–487.
- Baye, E., de Courten, M.P.J., Walker, K., Ranasinha, S., Earnest, A., Forbes, J.M. et al. (2017) Effect of dietary advanced glycation end products on inflammation and cardiovascular risks in healthy overweight adults: a randomised crossover trial. Scientific Reports, 7, 4123.
- Bilova, T., Lukasheva, E., Brauch, D., Greifenhagen, U., Paudel, G., Tarakhovskaya, E. et al. (2016) A snapshot of the plant glycated proteome: structural, functional, and mechanistic aspect. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 291, 7621–7636.
- Bilova, T., Paudel, G., Shilyaev, N., Schmidt, R., Brauch, D., Tarakhovskaya, E. et al. (2017) Global proteomic analysis of advanced glycation end products in the Arabidopsis proteome provides evidence for age-related glycation hot spots. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 292, 15758–15776.
- Bonnefont-Rousselot, D. (2002) Glucose and reactive oxygen species. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 5, 561–568.
- Borg, D.J., Yap, F.Y.T., Keshvari, S., Simmons, D.G., Gallo, L.A., Fotheringham, A.K. et al. (2018) Perinatal exposure to high dietary advanced glycation end products in transgenic NOD8.3 mice leads to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Islets, 10, 10–24.
- Botting, R.M. & Botting, J.H. (2000) Pathogenesis and mechanisms of inflammation and pain. Clinical Drug Investigation, 19, 1–7.
- Caballero, A.E. (2005) Metabolic and vascular abnormalities in subjects at risk for type 2 diabetes: the early start of a dangerous situation. Archives of Medical Research, 36, 241–249.
- Calder, P.C., Ahluwalia, N., Brouns, F., Buetler, T., Clement, K., Cunningham, K. et al. (2011) Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. The British Journal of Nutrition, 106(Suppl 3), S5–S78.
- Chao, P.C., Huang, C.N., Hsu, C.C., Yin, M.C. & Guo, Y.R. (2010) Association of dietary AGEs with circulating AGEs, glycated LDL, IL-1α and MCP-1 levels in type 2 diabetic patients. European Journal of Nutrition, 49, 429–434.
- Chen, G. & Smith, J.S. (2015) Determination of advanced glycation endproducts in cooked meat products. Food Chemistry, 168, 190–195.
- Chen, J.H., Lin, X., Bu, C. & Zhang, X. (2018) Role of advanced glycation end products in mobility and considerations in possible dietary and nutritional intervention strategies. Nutrition & Metabolism (London), 15, 72.
- de Assis, A.M., Rech, A., Longoni, A., Rotta, L.N., Denardin, C.C., Pasquali, M.A. et al. (2012) Ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent lipoperoxidation, modulate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce lipid content but do not alter glycogen metabolism in the livers of diabetic rats fed on a high fat thermolyzed diet. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 361, 151–160.
- de Courten, B., de Courten, M.P., Soldatos, G., Dougherty, S.L., Straznicky, N., Schlaich, M. et al. (2016) Diet low in advanced glycation end products increases insulin sensitivity in healthy overweight individuals: a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 103, 1426–1433.
- Delgado-Andrade, C. (2014) Maillard reaction products: some considerations on their health effects. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 52, 53–60.
- Demirer, B., Yardımcı, H. & Erem Basmaz, S. (2023) Inflammation level in type 2 diabetes is associated with dietary advanced glycation end products, Mediterranean diet adherence and oxidative balance score: a pathway analysis. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 37, 108354.
- di Pino, A., Currenti, W., Urbano, F., Mantegna, C., Purrazzo, G., Piro, S. et al. (2016) Low advanced glycation end product diet improves the lipid and inflammatory profiles of prediabetic subjects. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 10, 1098–1108.
- di Pino, A., Currenti, W., Urbano, F., Scicali, R., Piro, S., Purrello, F. et al. (2017) High intake of dietary advanced glycation end-products is associated with increased arterial stiffness and inflammation in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases: NMCD, 27, 978–984.
- Duan, Z., Chen, G., Chen, L., Stolzenberg-Solomon, R., Weinstein, S.J., Mannisto, S. et al. (2014) Determinants of concentrations of N(ε)-carboxymethyl-lysine and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and their associations with risk of pancreatic cancer. International Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Genetics, 5, 152–163.
- Elokda, A.S. & Nielsen, D.H. (2007) Effects of exercise training on the glutathione antioxidant system. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation, 14, 630–637.
- Elosta, A., Ghous, T. & Ahmed, N. (2012) Natural products as anti-glycation agents: possible therapeutic potential for diabetic complications. Current Diabetes Reviews, 8, 92–108.
- Engelen, L., Stehouwer, C.D. & Schalkwijk, C.G. (2013) Current therapeutic interventions in the glycation pathway: evidence from clinical studies. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 15, 677–689.
- Erbersdobler, H.F. & Somoza, V. (2007) Forty years of furosine—forty years of using Maillard reaction products as indicators of the nutritional quality of foods. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 51, 423–430.
- Goldberg, T., Cai, W., Peppa, M., Dardaine, V., Baliga, B.S., Uribarri, J. et al. (2004) Advanced glycoxidation end products in commonly consumed foods. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104, 1287–1291.
- Gómez-Ojeda, A., Jaramillo-Ortíz, S., Wrobel, K., Wrobel, K., Barbosa-Sabanero, G., Luevano-Contreras, C. et al. (2018) Comparative evaluation of three different ELISA assays and HPLC-ESI-ITMS/MS for the analysis of Nε-carboxymethyl lysine in food samples. Food Chemistry, 243, 11–18.
- Goudarzi, R., Sedaghat, M., Hedayati, M., Hekmatdoost, A. & Sohrab, G. (2020) Low advanced glycation end product diet improves the central obesity, insulin resistance and inflammatory profiles in Iranian patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 19, 1129–1138.
- Guimarães, E.L., Empsen, C., Geerts, A. & van Grunsven, L.A. (2010) Advanced glycation end products induce production of reactive oxygen species via the activation of NADPH oxidase in murine hepatic stellate cells. Journal of Hepatology, 52, 389–397.
- Han, L., Li, L., Li, B., Zhao, D., Li, Y., Xu, Z. et al. (2013) Review of the characteristics of food-derived and endogenous ne-carboxymethyllysine. Journal of Food Protection, 76, 912–918.
- Henle, T. (2005) Protein-bound advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) as bioactive amino acid derivatives in foods. Amino Acids, 29, 313–322.
- Jaganjac, M., Tirosh, O., Cohen, G., Sasson, S. & Zarkovic, N. (2013) Reactive aldehydes—second messengers of free radicals in diabetes mellitus. Free Radical Research, 47(Suppl 1), 39–48.
- Jara, N., Leal, M.J., Bunout, D., Hirsch, S., Barrera, G., Leiva, L. et al. (2012) Dietary intake increases serum levels of carboxymethil-lysine (CML) in diabetic patients. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 27, 1272–1278.
- Kalapos, M.P. (2008) The tandem of free radicals and methylglyoxal. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 171, 251–271.
- Karachalias, N., Babaei-Jadidi, R., Kupich, C., Ahmed, N. & Thornalley, P.J. (2005) High-dose thiamine therapy counters dyslipidemia and advanced glycation of plasma protein in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1043, 777–783.
- Kellow, N.J. & Coughlan, M.T. (2015) Effect of diet-derived advanced glycation end products on inflammation. Nutrition Reviews, 73, 737–759.
- Khan, M., Liu, H., Wang, J. & Sun, B. (2020) Inhibitory effect of phenolic compounds and plant extracts on the formation of advance glycation end products: a comprehensive review. Food Research International, 130, 108933.
- Kuhla, A., Trieglaff, C. & Vollmar, B. (2011) Role of age and uncoupling protein-2 in oxidative stress, RAGE/AGE interaction and inflammatory liver injury. Experimental Gerontology, 46, 868–876.
- Liang, Z., Chen, X., Li, L., Li, B. & Yang, Z. (2020) The fate of dietary advanced glycation end products in the body: from oral intake to excretion. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60, 3475–3491.
- Lin, R.-Y., Choudhury, R.P., Cai, W., Lu, M., Fallon, J.T., Fisher, E.A. et al. (2003) Dietary glycotoxins promote diabetic atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis, 168, 213–220.
- Litwinoff, E., Hurtado Del Pozo, C., Ramasamy, R. & Schmidt, A.M. (2015) Emerging targets for therapeutic development in diabetes and its complications: the RAGE signaling pathway. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 98, 135–144.
- Luévano-Contreras, C., Garay-Sevilla, M.E., Wrobel, K., Malacara, J.M. & Wrobel, K. (2013) Dietary advanced glycation end products restriction diminishes inflammation markers and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 52, 22–26.
- Nagai, R., Nagai, M., Shimasaki, S., Baynes, J.W. & Fujiwara, Y. (2010) Citric acid inhibits development of cataracts, proteinuria and ketosis in streptozotocin (type 1) diabetic rats. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 393, 118–122.
- Nedić, O., Rattan, S.I., Grune, T. & Trougakos, I.P. (2013) Molecular effects of advanced glycation end products on cell signalling pathways, ageing and pathophysiology. Free Radical Research, 47(Suppl 1), 28–38.
- Negrean, M., Stirban, A., Stratmann, B., Gawlowski, T., Horstmann, T., Götting, C. et al. (2007) Effects of low- and high-advanced glycation endproduct meals on macro- and microvascular endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85, 1236–1243.
- Nowotny, K., Jung, T., Höhn, A., Weber, D. & Grune, T. (2015) Advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomolecules, 5, 194–222.
- Nursten, H.E. (2005) The Maillard reaction: chemistry, biochemistry and implications. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry.
10.1039/9781847552570 Google Scholar
- O'Brien, J. & Morrissey, P.A. (1989) Nutritional and toxicological aspects of the Maillard browning reaction in foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 28, 211–248.
- Pashikanti, S., de Alba, D.R., Boissonneault, G.A. & Cervantes-Laurean, D. (2010) Rutin metabolites: novel inhibitors of nonoxidative advanced glycation end products. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 48, 656–663.
- Pathomthongtaweechai, N. & Chutipongtanate, S. (2020) AGE/RAGE signaling-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and future prospects in non-coding RNA therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 131, 110655.
- Perrone, A., Giovino, A., Benny, J. & Martinelli, F. (2020) Advanced glycation end products (AGEs): biochemistry, signaling, analytical methods, and epigenetic effects. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020, 3818196.
- Pertynska-Marczewska, M., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Zhang, J. & Merhi, Z. (2015) Advanced glycation end products: a link between metabolic and endothelial dysfunction in polycystic ovary syndrome? Metabolism, 64, 1564–1573.
- Piroddi, M., Palazzetti, I., Quintaliani, G., Pilolli, F., Montaldi, M., Valentina, V. et al. (2011) Circulating levels and dietary intake of the advanced glycation end-product marker carboxymethyl lysine in chronic kidney disease patients on conservative predialysis therapy: a pilot study. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 21, 329–339.
- Poulsen, M.W., Bak, M.J., Andersen, J.M., Monošík, R., Giraudi-Futin, A.C., Holst, J.J. et al. (2014) Effect of dietary advanced glycation end products on postprandial appetite, inflammation, and endothelial activation in healthy overweight individuals. European Journal of Nutrition, 53, 661–672.
- Price, C.L., Sharp, P.S., North, M.E., Rainbow, S.J. & Knight, S.C. (2004) Advanced glycation end products modulate the maturation and function of peripheral blood dendritic cells. Diabetes, 53, 1452–1458.
- Qin, X., Goldfine, A., Krumrei, N., Grubissich, L., Acosta, J., Chorev, M. et al. (2004) Glycation inactivation of the complement regulatory protein CD59: a possible role in the pathogenesis of the vascular complications of human diabetes. Diabetes, 53, 2653–2661.
- Saad, A.F., Virella, G., Chassereau, C., Boackle, R.J. & Lopes-Virella, M.F. (2006) OxLDL immune complexes activate complement and induce cytokine production by MonoMac 6 cells and human macrophages. Journal of Lipid Research, 47, 1975–1983.
- Schalkwijk, C.G. & Miyata, T. (2012) Early- and advanced non-enzymatic glycation in diabetic vascular complications: the search for therapeutics. Amino Acids, 42, 1193–1204.
- Scheijen, J., Clevers, E., Engelen, L., Dagnelie, P.C., Brouns, F., Stehouwer, C.D.A. et al. (2016) Analysis of advanced glycation endproducts in selected food items by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: presentation of a dietary AGE database. Food Chemistry, 190, 1145–1150.
- Šebeková, K. & Brouder Šebeková, K. (2019) Glycated proteins in nutrition: friend or foe? Experimental Gerontology, 117, 76–90.
- Semba, R.D., Bandinelli, S., Sun, K., Guralnik, J.M. & Ferrucci, L. (2010) Relationship of an advanced glycation end product, plasma carboxymethyl-lysine, with slow walking speed in older adults: the InCHIANTI study. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 108, 191–195.
- Semba, R.D., Gebauer, S.K., Baer, D.J., Sun, K., Turner, R., Silber, H.A. et al. (2014) Dietary intake of advanced glycation end products did not affect endothelial function and inflammation in healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition, 144, 1037–1042.
- Sergi, D., Boulestin, H., Campbell, F.M. & Williams, L.M. (2021) The role of dietary advanced glycation end products in metabolic dysfunction. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 65, 1900934.
- Simm, A. (2013) Protein glycation during aging and in cardiovascular disease. Journal of Proteomics, 92, 248–259.
- Singh, V.P., Bali, A., Singh, N. & Jaggi, A.S. (2014) Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications. The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology, 18, 1–14.
- Smit, A.J. & Lutgers, H.L. (2004) The clinical relevance of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) and recent developments in pharmaceutics to reduce AGE accumulation. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 11, 2767–2784.
- Stone, W.L., Basit, H. & Burns, B. (2021) Pathology, inflammation. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534820/
- Sun, X., Tang, J., Wang, J., Rasco, B.A., Lai, K. & Huang, Y. (2015) Formation of advanced glycation endproducts in ground beef under pasteurisation conditions. Food Chemistry, 172, 802–807.
- Sun, X., Tang, J., Wang, J., Rasco, B.A., Lai, K. & Huang, Y. (2016) Formation of free and protein-bound carboxymethyllysine and carboxyethyllysine in meats during commercial sterilization. Meat Science, 116, 1–7.
- Suzuki, D., Miyata, T., Saotome, N., Horie, K., Inagi, R., Yasuda, Y. et al. (1999) Immunohistochemical evidence for an increased oxidative stress and carbonyl modification of proteins in diabetic glomerular lesions. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN, 10, 822–832.
- Takeuchi, M. (2020) Toxic AGEs (TAGE) theory: a new concept for preventing the development of diseases related to lifestyle. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 12, 105.
- Takeuchi, M., Takino, J. & Yamagishi, S. (2010) Involvement of the toxic AGEs (TAGE)-RAGE system in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications: a novel therapeutic strategy. Current Drug Targets, 11, 1468–1482.
- Thorpe, S.R. & Baynes, J.W. (2003) Maillard reaction products in tissue proteins: new products and new perspectives. Amino Acids, 25, 275–281.
- Uribarri, J., Cai, W., Ramdas, M., Goodman, S., Pyzik, R., Chen, X. et al. (2011) Restriction of advanced glycation end products improves insulin resistance in human type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes Care, 34, 1610–1616.
- Uribarri, J., Woodruff, S., Goodman, S., Cai, W., Chen, X., Pyzik, R. et al. (2010) Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 110, 911–916.e912.
- Virella, G., Thorpe, S.R., Alderson, N.L., Stephan, E.M., Atchley, D., Wagner, F. et al. (2003) Autoimmune response to advanced glycosylation end-products of human LDL. Journal of Lipid Research, 44, 487–493.
- Vlassara, H., Cai, W., Tripp, E., Pyzik, R., Yee, K., Goldberg, L. et al. (2016) Oral AGE restriction ameliorates insulin resistance in obese individuals with the metabolic syndrome: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia, 59, 2181–2192.
- Vlassara, H., Uribarri, J., Cai, W. & Striker, G. (2008) Advanced glycation end product homeostasis: exogenous oxidants and innate defenses. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1126, 46–52.
- Wang, X., Liu, J., Zhen, J., Zhang, C., Wan, Q., Liu, G. et al. (2014) Histone deacetylase 4 selectively contributes to podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney International, 86, 712–725.
- Wu, C.H. & Yen, G.C. (2005) Inhibitory effect of naturally occurring flavonoids on the formation of advanced glycation endproducts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 3167–3173.
- Xie, J., Reverdatto, S., Frolov, A., Hoffmann, R., Burz, D.S. & Shekhtman, A. (2008) Structural basis for pattern recognition by the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283, 27255–27269.
- Xie, Y. & Chen, X. (2013) Structures required of polyphenols for inhibiting advanced glycation end products formation. Current Drug Metabolism, 14, 414–431.
- Xue, J., Rai, V., Singer, D., Chabierski, S., Xie, J., Reverdatto, S. et al. (2011) Advanced glycation end product recognition by the receptor for AGEs. Structure, 19, 722–732.
- Yang, S., Zhou, H., Wang, G., Zhong, X.H., Shen, Q.L., Zhang, X.J. et al. (2020) Quercetin is protective against short-term dietary advanced glycation end products intake induced cognitive dysfunction in aged ICR mice. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 44, e13164.
- Yeh, W.-J., Yang, H.-Y., Pai, M.-H., Wu, C.-H. & Chen, J.-R. (2017) Long-term administration of advanced glycation end-product stimulates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and sparking the development of renal injury. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 39, 68–76.
- Yim, M.B., Yim, H.S., Lee, C., Kang, S.O. & Chock, P.B. (2001) Protein glycation: creation of catalytic sites for free radical generation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 928, 48–53.
- Zhang, Q., Wang, Y. & Fu, L. (2020) Dietary advanced glycation end-products: perspectives linking food processing with health implications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19, 2559–2587.
- Zhao, J., Randive, R. & Stewart, J.A. (2014) Molecular mechanisms of AGE/RAGE-mediated fibrosis in the diabetic heart. World Journal of Diabetes, 5, 860–867.
- Zhu, R., Wang, C., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Chen, G., Fan, J. et al. (2019) Pectin oligosaccharides from fruit of Actinidia arguta: structure-activity relationship of prebiotic and antiglycation potentials. Carbohydrate Polymers, 217, 90–97.
- Zhu, Y., Snooks, H. & Sang, S. (2018) Complexity of advanced glycation end products in foods: where are we now? Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66, 1325–1329.