INVITED REVIEW
Relevance of corona virus in food industry: A literature review on risks, challenges, and potential preventive measures
Ana Radulovic,
Jelena Miocinovic,
Zorica Radulovic,
Milos B. Rajkovic,
Corresponding Author
Ana Radulovic
Department of Animal Source Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
Correspondence
Ana Radulovic, Department of Animal Source Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJelena Miocinovic
Department of Animal Source Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
Search for more papers by this authorZorica Radulovic
Department of Тechnological Мicrobiology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
Search for more papers by this authorMilos B. Rajkovic
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
Search for more papers by this authorAna Radulovic,
Jelena Miocinovic,
Zorica Radulovic,
Milos B. Rajkovic,
Corresponding Author
Ana Radulovic
Department of Animal Source Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
Correspondence
Ana Radulovic, Department of Animal Source Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorJelena Miocinovic
Department of Animal Source Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
Search for more papers by this authorZorica Radulovic
Department of Тechnological Мicrobiology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
Search for more papers by this authorMilos B. Rajkovic
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia
Search for more papers by this authorFirst published: 18 October 2022
Funding information: Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja
Abstract
Food industry is highly affected by COVID-19 pandemic; therefore, the preventive measures and precautions to be taken to reduce the risk of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and incidence of infection are necessary. This review integrate and analyze the available information and data on precautions of corona virus in food industry in pursuance of informing the public and the scientific community, as well as creating collective knowledge among food industry establishment and raising awareness of preventive measures during COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, the information and data have been reviewed about the transmitting routs of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the preventive measures and precautions to be taken in food industry during COVID-19 pandemic in order to reduce the risk of transmission of the virus and incidence of the infection. The restriction of spreading corona virus through food industry in procedures, such as manufacturing, processing, packing, transporting. The transmitting routs of the SARS-CoV-2 virus are studied adequately in favor of suggesting strategies from the present scenarios. Limited number of publications has identified the risk factors for COVID-19 and preventive measures, especially in food industry. Findings from this review may contribute to promoting research and spreading knowledge among food industry establishment and raise awareness of preventive measures in food industry during COVID-19 pandemic.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare they do not have any conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
REFERENCES
- Aboubakr, H. A., Sharafeldin, T. A., & Goyal, S. M. (2020). Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in the environment and on common touch surfaces and the influence of climatic conditions: A review. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 68, 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13707
- Ahmed, A. T., & Ghanem, A. S. (2020). A statistical study for impacts of environmental conditions on the rapid spread of new corona virus. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 17(10), 4343–4352.
- Almutairi, K. M., Al Helih, E. M., Moussa, M., Boshaiqah, A. E., Saleh Alajilan, A., Vinluan, J. M., & Almutairi, A. (2015). Awareness, attitudes, and practices related to coronavirus pandemic among public in Saudi Arabia. Family & Community Health, 38(4), 332–340.
- Anfinrud, P., Stadnytskyi, V., Bax, C. E., & Bax, A. (2020). Visualizing speech-generated Oral fluid droplets with laser light scattering. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(21), 2061–2063. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc2007800
- ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety). (2020). Opinion on an urgent request to assess certain risks associated with COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.anses.fr/en/system/files/SABA2020SA0037-1.pdf
- Artiga, S., & Rae, M. (2020). The COVID-19 outbreak and food production workers: Who is at risk? Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from, 23(17), 3116–3120. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issuebrief/the-covid-19-outbreak-and-food-production-workers-who-is-at-risk, https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898002000316X
10.1017/S136898002000316X Google Scholar
- Attwood, S., & Hajat, C. (2020). How will the COVID-19 pandemic shape the future of meat consumption? Public Health Nutrition, 23(17), 3116–3120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898002000316X
- Backer, J. A., Klinkenberg, D., & Wallinga, J. (2020). Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20 28 January 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(5), 2000062. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062
- Bhagat, D. S., Suryawanshi, M., & Suryawanshi, I. (2020). A systematic review of antiviral drugs for the treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic. Manipal Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(2), 109–113.
- Bourouiba, L. (2020). Turbulent gas clouds and respiratory pathogen emissions: Potential implications for reducing transmission of COVID-19. Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(18), 1837–1838.
- Cai, J., Sun, W., Huang, J., Gamber, M., Wu, J., & He, G. (2020). Indirect virus transmission in cluster of COVID-19 cases, Wenzhou, China, 2020. Emerging infectious diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 26(6), 1343–1345.
- Can coronavirus be spread through frozen food or freight packaging? World News & Top Stories—The Straits Times. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com/world/what-we-know-about-possible-covid-19-transmission-from-freight-and-packages
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020b). Update: COVID-19 among workers in meat and poultry processing facilities-United States, April–May 2020. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6927e2.htm.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020a). Testing strategy for coronavirus (COVID-19) in high-density critical infrastructure workplaces after a COVID-19 case is identified, 2020 June. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/worker-safetysupport/hd-testing.html
- Ceylan, Z., Meral, R., & Cetinkaya, T. (2020). Relevance of SARS-CoV-2 in food safety and food hygiene: Potential preventive measures, suggestions and nanotechnological approaches. In VirusDisease (Vol. 31, pp. 154–160). Berlin: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00611-0
10.1007/s13337-020-00611-0 Google Scholar
- Chan, J. F. W., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K. W., Chu, H., Yang, J., … Yuen, K. Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. The Lancet, 395, 514–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30154-9
- Chin, A. W. H., Chu, J. T. S., Perera, M. R. A., Hui, K. P. Y., Yen, H., Chan, M. C. W., … Poon, L. L. M. (2020). Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. Lancet Microbe, 1, e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30003-3
- Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) 2020 interim case definition. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/coronavirusdisease-2019-covid-19/case-definition/2020
- Cranfield, J. A. L. (2020). Framing consumer food demand responses in a viral pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68(2), 151–156.
- Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. (2020). Group to measure for coronavirus prevalence in waste water—GOV. UK Published June 12, 2020, Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/group-to-measure-for-coronavirusprevalence-in-waste-water
- Djekic, I., Nikolić, A., Uzunović, M., Marijke, A., Liu, A., Han, J., … Tomasevic, I. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic effects on food safety - multi-country survey study. Food Control, 122, 107800.
- Domingo, J. L., Marquès, M., & Rovira, J. (2020). Influence of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on COVID-19 pandemic, a review. Environmental Research, 188, 109861.
- Dyal, J. W., Grant, M. P., Broadwater, K., Bjork, A., Waltenburg, M. A., Gibbins, J. D., … Honein, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 among workers in meat and poultry processing facilities—19 states, April 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(18), 557–561. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6918e3
- Eslami, H., & Jalili, M. (2020). The role of environmental factors to transmission of SARS- CoV-2 (COVID-19). AMB Express, 10, 92. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-020-01028-0
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020). Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: implications for IPC precaution recommendations. Retrieved from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/questions-answers
- Exporting Meat Products to China During COVID-19. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.china-briefing.com/news/exporting-meat-products-to-china-during-covid-19-what-you-need-to-know/
- Felsenstein, S., & Hedrich, C. M. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and young people. Clinical Immunology, 220, 108588.
- Fisher, D., Reilly, A., Zheng, A. K. E., Cook, A. R., & Anderson, D. E. (2020). Seeding of outbreaks of COVID-19 by contaminated fresh and frozen food. BioRxiv, 2020.08.17.255166. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.17.255166
10.1101/2020.08.17.255166 Google Scholar
- Food Safety and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)|FDA. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/food-safety-during-emergencies/food-safety-and-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19
- Gerchman, Y., Mamane, H., Friedman, N., & Mandelboim, M. (2020). UV-LED disinfection of coronavirus: Wavelength effect. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 212, 112044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112044
- Global Times (2020). Beijing supermarkets stop selling salmon after wholesalers test positive for coronavirus. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1191462.shtml.
- Gundy, P. M., Gerba, C. P., & Pepper, I. L. (2009). Survival of coronaviruses in water and wastewater. Food and Environmental Virology, Springer, 1(1), 10–14.
- Guo, H., Li, W., Huang, Y., Li, X., Li, Z., Zhou, H., … Li, J. (2020). Increased microbial loading in aerosols produced by non-contact air-puff tonometer and relative suggestions for the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). PLOS ONE, 15(10), e0240421 Public Library of Science.
- Han, J., Zhang, X., Shanshan, H., & Jia, P. (2020). Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted from food? A review of evidence, risks, policies and knowledge gaps. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 1, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01101-x
- Hobbs, J. E. (2020). Food supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12237
10.1111/cjag.12237 Google Scholar
- Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506.
- Hudson, J. B., Sharma, M., & Vimalanathan, S. (2009). Development of a practical method for using ozone gas as a virus decontaminating agent. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 31(3), 216–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/01919510902747969
- Jalava, K. (2020). First respiratory transmitted food borne outbreak? International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 226, 113490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113490
- Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of hospital infection, W.B. Saunders Ltd, 104, 246–251.
- Kaur, G., Kaur, A. P., & Kaur, L. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and practices during Covid 19: Interventions and preven…: Biblioteca Octavio Arizmendi posada. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 241–244.
- Kendall, P. A., Elsbernd, A., Sinclair, K., Schroeder, M., Chen, G., Bergmann, V., & Medeiros, L. C. (2004). Observation versus self-report: Validation of a consumer food behavior questionnaire. Journal of Food Protection, 67, 2578–2586.
- Khan, M. M., & Parab, S. R. (2020). Simple face shield for public as a crucial factor to slow aerosol transmission during unlock phase of COVID pandemic. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. Springer, 27, 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-020-02078-3
- Kratzel, A., Steiner, S., Todt, D., V'kovski, P., Brueggemann, Y., Steinmann, J., … Pfaende, S. (2020). Temperature-dependent surface stability of SARS-CoV-2. The Journal of Infection, 81(3), 452–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.074
- Lange, M., Göranzon, H., Fleig, L., & Marklinder, I. (2018). Adolescents' sources for food safety knowledge and trust. British Food Journal, 120(3), 549–562.
- Lejeune, J. T., & Grooters, S. V. (2021). Control of virus transmission in food processing. Facilities, 43, 163–172.
- Li, X., Song, Y., Wong, G., & Cui, J. (2020). Bat origin of a new human coronavirus: There and back again. Science China Life Sciences, 63, 461–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1645-7
- Lindsley, W. G., Reynolds, J. S., Szalajda, J. V., Noti, J. D., & Beezhold, D. H. (2013). A cough aerosol simulator for the study of disease transmission by human cough-generated aerosols. Aerosol Science and Technology, 47(8), 937–944.
- Liu, P., Yang, M., Zhao, X., Guo, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, J., … Wu, G. (2020). Cold-chain transportation in the frozen food industry may have caused a recurrence of COVID-19 cases in destination: Successful isolation of SARS-CoV-2 virus from the imported frozen cod package surface. Biosafety and Health, 2(4), 199–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.11.003
- Liu, Y., Ning, Z., Chen, Y., Guo, M., Liu, Y., Gali, N. K., & Lan, K. (2020). Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature, 582(7813), 557–560.
- Lorusso, A., Calistri, P., Petrini, A., Savini, G., & Decaro, N. (2020). Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic: A veterinary perspective. Veterinaria italiana, 56(1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.2173.11599.1
10.12834/VetIt.2173.11599.1 Google Scholar
- Marklinder, I., Ahlgren, R., Blücher, A., Ehn Börjesson, S. M., Hellkvist, F., Moazzami, M., … Danielsson-Tham, M. L. (2020). Food safety knowledge, sources thereof and self-reported behaviour among university students in Sweden. Food Control, 113, 107130.
- Martins, R. B., Castro, I. A., Pontelli, M., Souza, J. P., Lima, T. M., Melo, S. R., … de Almeida, M. T. G. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 inactivation by Ozonated water: A preliminary alternative for environmental disinfection. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 43(2), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2020.1842998
- Matson, M. J., Yinda, C. K., Seifert, S. N., Bushmaker, T., Fischer, R. J., van Doremalen, N., … Munster, V. J. (2020). Effect of environmental conditions on SARS-CoV-2 stability in human nasal mucus and sputum. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(9), 2276–2278. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.202267
- Mayurnikova, L. A., Koksharov, A. A., & Krapiva, T. V. (2020). Food safety practices in catering during the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic. Foods and Raw Materials, 8(2), 197–203.
- Nakat, Z., & Bou-Mitri, C. (2021). COVID-19 and the food industry: Readiness assessment. Food Control, 121, 107661.
- Nghiem, L. D., Morgan, B., Donner, E., & Short, M. D. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Considerations for the waste and wastewater services sector. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 1, 100006.
10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100006 Google Scholar
- Oreshkova, N., Molenaar, R. J., Vreman, S., Harders, F., Munnink, B. B. O., Hakze-van der Honing, R. W., & Stegeman, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(23), 2001005.
- Pang, X., Ren, L., Wu, S., Ma, W., Yang, J., Di, L., … Wang, J. (2020). Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing. National Science Review, 7(12), 1861–1864. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa264
- Peng, X., Xu, X., Li, Y., Cheng, L., Zhou, X., & Ren, B. (2020). Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. International Journal of Oral Science Springer Nature, 12(1), 9.
- Pi, N., Bekleviç, A., Altunay, u. R., Salcı Kele, u., Ali, M. T., Altınsoy, U., & Hacıseyito Glu, D. (2020). Specific risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission among health care workers in a university hospital. American Journal of Infection Control, 48, 1225–1230.
- Pica, N., & Bouvier, N. M. (2012). Environmental factors affecting the transmission of respiratory viruses. Current Opinion in Virology, 2(1), 90–95.
- Pyankov, O. V., Bodnev, S. A., Pyankova, O. G., & Agranovski, I. E. (2018). Survival of aerosolized coronavirus in the ambient air. Journal of Aerosol Science, 115, 158–163.
- Radulovic, A., Marklinder, I., Mirkovic, M., Miocinovic, J., & Jankovic Soja, S. (2021). Food safety at home: Serbian students. British Food Journal, 123(11), 3689–3703. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2020-0983
- Ramesh, N., Siddaiah, A., & Joseph, B. (2020). Tackling corona virus disease 2019 (COVID 19) in workplaces. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 24(1), 16 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications.
- Ricci, A., Martelli, F., Razzano, R., Cassi, D., Lazzi, C., Neviani, E., & Bernini, V. (2020). Service temperature preservation approach for food safety: Microbiological evaluation of ready meals. Food Control, 115, 107297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107297
- Rizou, M., Galanakis, I. M., Aldawoud, T. M., & Galanakis, C. M. (2020). Safety of foods, food supplychain and environment within the COVID-19 pandemic. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 102, 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.008
- Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, D., Tiwari, R., Sah, R., Rabaan, A. A., & Dhama, K. (2020). Covid-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: Current scenario and recent developments—An overview. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 14, 5–12.
- Sedokani, A., & Feizollahzadeh, S. (2020). Plasmapheresis, anti-ACE2 and anti-fc[gamma]RII monoclonal antibodies: A possible treatment for severe cases of COVID-19. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 14, 2607–2611. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S262491
- Şengün, İ. Y., Kırmızıgül, A., & Gülden Kılıç, B. Ö. (2020). Gida işletmelerinde COVID-19 salginina yönelik alinmasi gereken önlemler ve etkin dezenfeksiyon uygulamalari. Gida the Journal of Food, 45(4), 646–664.
- Shahbaz, M., Bilal, M., Moiz, A., Zubair, S., & Iqbal, H. M. N. (2020). Food safety and COVID-19: Precautionary measures to limit the spread of coronavirus at food service and retail sector. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 14(1), 749–756.
- Shaman, J., & Kohn, M. (2009). Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, 106, 3243–3248.
- Sharma, V. K., Jinadatha, C., & Lichtfouse, E. (2020). Environmental chemistry is most relevant to study coronavirus pandemics. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18, 993–996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01017-6
- Shi, J., Wen, Z., Zhong, G., Yang, H., Wang, C., Huang, B., … Bu, Z. (2020). Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS-coronavirus 2. Science, 368, 1016–1020. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb7015
- Tellier, R., Li, Y., Cowling, B. J., & Tang, J. W. (2019). Recognition of aerosol transmission of infectious agents: A commentary. BMC Infectious Diseases, BioMed Central Ltd., 31 January, 19(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3707-y
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2020). Identifying critical infrastructure during COVID-19. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, cyber security and infrastructure security agency, May. Retrieved from https://www.cisa.gov/identifying-critical-infrastructure-during-covid-19
- Van Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D. H., Holbrook, M., Gamle, A., Williamson, B. N., & Munster, V. J. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1564–1567.
- Waltenburg, M. A., Rose, C. E., Victoroff, T., Butterfield, M., Dillaha, J. A., Heinzerling, A., … Honein, M. A. (2021). Coronavirus disease among workers in food processing, food manufacturing, and agriculture workplaces. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(1), 243–249.
- Wathore, R., Gupta, A., Bherwani, H., & Labhasetwar, N. (2020). Understanding air and water borne transmission and survival of coronavirus: Insights and way forward for SARS-CoV-2. Science of the Total Environment, 749, 141486.
- WHO. (2020a). Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
- WHO. (2020b). WHO Director-General's Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19—March 11, 2020. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-oncovid-19-11-march-2020.
- WHO. (2020c). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-forpublic.
- WHO. (2020d). COVID-19 and food safety: guidance for competent authorities responsible for national food safety control systems: interim guidance. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331842.
- WHO. (2021). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update 22. January, 1–3. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situationreports/weekly_epidemiological_update_22.pdf
- Xiang, Y. T., Jin, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., & Cheung, T. (2020). Tribute to health workers in China: A group of respectable population during the outbreak of the COVID-19. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 16(10), 1739–1740.
- Yu, W. B., Tang, G. D., Zhang, L., & Corlett, R. T. (2020). Decoding the evolution and transmissions of the novel pneumonia coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2/HCoV-19) using whole genomic data. Zoological Research, 41, 247–257. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.022
- Yépiz-Gómez, M. S., Gerba, C. P., & Bright, K. R. (2013). Survival of respiratory viruses on fresh produce. Food and Environmental Virology, 5(3), 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-013-9114-4
- Zhang, R., Li, Y., Zhang, A. L., Wang, Y., & Molina, M. J. (2020). Identifying airborne transmission as the dominant route for the spread of COVID-19. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, 10, 14857–14863.
- Zuber, S., & Brüssow, H. (2020). COVID 19: Challenges for virologists in the food industry. Microbial Biotechnology, 13, 1689–1701. https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13638
