REVIEW
Epigallocatechin gallate: Phytochemistry, bioavailability, utilization challenges, and strategies
Shomaila Mehmood,
Maria Maqsood,
Nazia Mahtab,
Muhammad Issa Khan,
Amna Sahar,
Sania Zaib,
Shehla Gul,
Shomaila Mehmood
Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorMaria Maqsood
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorNazia Mahtab
School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
Contribution: Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Muhammad Issa Khan
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Correspondence
Muhammad Issa Khan, National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorAmna Sahar
Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contribution: Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorSania Zaib
Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorShehla Gul
Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contribution: Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorShomaila Mehmood,
Maria Maqsood,
Nazia Mahtab,
Muhammad Issa Khan,
Amna Sahar,
Sania Zaib,
Shehla Gul,
Shomaila Mehmood
Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorMaria Maqsood
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorNazia Mahtab
School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, P. R. China
Contribution: Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Muhammad Issa Khan
National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Correspondence
Muhammad Issa Khan, National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorAmna Sahar
Department of Food Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contribution: Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorSania Zaib
Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Contribution: Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorShehla Gul
Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Contribution: Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a green tea catechin, has gained the attention of current study due to its excellent health-promoting effects. It possesses anti-obesity, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory activities, and is under extensive investigation in functional foods for improvement. It is susceptible to lower stability, lesser bioavailability, and lower absorption rate due to various environmental, processing, formulations, and gastrointestinal conditions of the human body. Therefore, it is the foremost concern for the researchers to enhance its bioactivity and make it the most suitable therapeutic compound for its clinical applications. In the current review, factors affecting the bioavailability of EGCG and the possible strategies to overcome these issues are reviewed and discussed. This review summarizes structural modifications and delivery through nanoparticle-based approaches including nano-emulsions, encapsulations, and silica-based nanoparticles for effective use of EGCG in functional foods. Moreover, recent advances to enhance EGCG therapeutic efficacy by specifically targeting its molecules to increase its bioavailability and stability are also described.
Practical applications
The main green tea constituent EGCG possesses several health-promoting effects making EGCG a potential therapeutic compound to cure ailments. However, its low stability and bioavailability render its uses in many disorders. Synthesizing EGCG prodrugs by structural modifications helps against its low bioavailability and stability by overcoming premature degradation and lower absorption rate. This review paper summarizes various strategies that benefit EGCG under different physiological conditions. The esterification, nanoparticle approaches, silica-based EGCG-NPs, and EGCG formulations serve as ideal EGCG modification strategies to deliver superior concentrations with lesser toxicity for its efficient penetration and absorption across cells both in vitro and in vivo. As a result of EGCG modifications, its bioactivities would be highly improved at lower doses. The protected or modified EGCG molecule would have enhanced potential effects and stability that would contribute to the clinical applications and expand its use in various food and cosmetic industries.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.
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