INVITED RESEARCH REVIEW
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Global change biology: A primer
Rowan F. Sage,
Corresponding Author
Rowan F. Sage
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Correspondence
Rowan F. Sage, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5R3C6, Canada.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRowan F. Sage,
Corresponding Author
Rowan F. Sage
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Correspondence
Rowan F. Sage, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5R3C6, Canada.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorThis work is dedicated to the memory of Robert Jefferies (1936–2009), a colleague who taught us to consider the bigger picture in global change science.
Abstract
Because of human action, the Earth has entered an era where profound changes in the global environment are creating novel conditions that will be discernable far into the future. One consequence may be a large reduction of the Earth's biodiversity, potentially representing a sixth mass extinction. With effective stewardship, the global change drivers that threaten the Earth's biota could be alleviated, but this requires clear understanding of the drivers, their interactions, and how they impact ecological communities. This review identifies 10 anthropogenic global change drivers and discusses how six of the drivers (atmospheric CO2 enrichment, climate change, land transformation, species exploitation, exotic species invasions, eutrophication) impact Earth's biodiversity. Driver impacts on a particular species could be positive or negative. In either case, they initiate secondary responses that cascade along ecological lines of connection and in doing so magnify the initial impact. The unique nature of the threat to the Earth's biodiversity is not simply due to the magnitude of each driver, but due to the speed of change, the novelty of the drivers, and their interactions. Emphasizing one driver, notably climate change, is problematic because the other global change drivers also degrade biodiversity and together threaten the stability of the biosphere. As the main academic journal addressing global change effects on living systems, GCB is well positioned to provide leadership in solving the global change challenge. If humanity cannot meet the challenge, then GCB is positioned to serve as a leading chronicle of the sixth mass extinction to occur on planet Earth.
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