Expert consensus on the optimal management of BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer in the Asia-Pacific region
Oliver Piercey
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorLorraine Chantrill
Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorHung-Chih Hsu
Division of Hematology Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorBrigette Ma
State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorTimothy Price
The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorIain Beehuat Tan
Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorHao-Wei Teng
Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorJeanne Tie
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jayesh Desai
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Correspondence
Jayesh Desai, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorOliver Piercey
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorLorraine Chantrill
Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorHung-Chih Hsu
Division of Hematology Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorBrigette Ma
State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Sir YK Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
Search for more papers by this authorTimothy Price
The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorIain Beehuat Tan
Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Search for more papers by this authorHao-Wei Teng
Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Search for more papers by this authorJeanne Tie
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Jayesh Desai
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Correspondence
Jayesh Desai, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) is high in the Asia-Pacific region, and several countries in this region have among the highest and/or fastest growing rates of CRC in the world. A significant proportion of patients will present with or develop metastatic CRC (mCRC), and BRAFV600E-mutant mCRC represents a particularly aggressive phenotype that is less responsive to standard chemotherapies. In light of recent therapeutic advances, an Asia-Pacific expert consensus panel was convened to develop evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with BRAFV600E-mutant mCRC. The expert panel comprised nine medical oncologists from Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan (the authors), who met to review current literature and develop eight consensus statements that describe the optimal management of BRAFV600E-mutant mCRC in the Asia-Pacific region. As agreed by the expert panel, the consensus statements recommend molecular testing at diagnosis to guide individualized treatment decisions, propose optimal treatment pathways according to microsatellite stability status, advocate for more frequent monitoring of BRAFV600E-mutant mCRC, and discuss local treatment strategies for oligometastatic disease. Together, these expert consensus statements are intended to optimize treatment and improve outcomes for patients with BRAFV600E-mutant mCRC in the Asia-Pacific region.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
Oliver Piercey reports speaker fees from Bristol Myers Squibb. Lorraine Chantrill has served on advisory boards for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, and Merck and reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca and Pierre Fabre. Hung-Chih Hsu and Timothy Price have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Brigette Ma has served on advisory boards for Merck Serono and MSD; reports speaker fees from AstraZeneca and Merck Serono; and reports research funding from the Hong Kong Health and Medical Research Fund (grant number 6905168) and Merck Serono. Iain Beehuat Tan has served on advisory boards for Amgen, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Guardant Health, Merck Serono, MSD, Natera, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, and Roche; and reports research funding from MSD, Roche, and Taiho. Hao-Wei Teng has served on advisory boards and reports speaker fees from Amgen, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Foundation Medicine, Merck, MSD, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, Roche, and TTY Biopharm; and reports research funding from Bayer. Jeanne Tie has served on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Illumina, MSD, Pierre Fabre, Roche, and Takeda; has served as a consultant for Haystack Oncology; and reports speaker fees from Amgen and Servier. Jayesh Desai has served as a consultant and as an advisory board or steering committee member for Amgen, Axelia, Bayer, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Ellipses, GSK, IQVIA, Merck KGaA, Novartis, Pfizer, Pierre Fabre, and Roche/Genentech; and reports institutional research funding from Amgen, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Novartis, and Roche/Genentech.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data sharing is not applicable to this article, as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
REFERENCES
- 1Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021; 71(3): 209-249.
- 2Morgan E, Arnold M, Gini A, et al. Global burden of colorectal cancer in 2020 and 2040: incidence and mortality estimates from GLOBOCAN. Gut. 2023; 72(2): 338-344.
- 3 GBD 2019 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022; 7(7): 627-647.
- 4Siegel RL, Wagle NS, Cercek A, Smith RA, Jemal A. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023; 73(3): 233-254.
- 5Kjeldsen BJ, Kronborg O, Fenger C, Jørgensen OD. The pattern of recurrent colorectal cancer in a prospective randomised study and the characteristics of diagnostic tests. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1997; 12(6): 329-334.
- 6Ciardiello F, Ciardiello D, Martini G, Napolitano S, Tabernero J, Cervantes A. Clinical management of metastatic colorectal cancer in the era of precision medicine. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022; 72(4): 372-401.
- 7Tol J, Nagtegaal ID, Punt CJ. BRAF mutation in metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361(1): 98-99.
- 8Tie J, Gibbs P, Lipton L, et al. Optimizing targeted therapeutic development: analysis of a colorectal cancer patient population with the BRAFV600E mutation. Int J Cancer. 2011; 128(9): 2075-2084.
- 9Yokota T, Ura T, Shibata N, et al. BRAF mutation is a powerful prognostic factor in advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2011; 104(5): 856-862.
- 10Tran B, Kopetz S, Tie J, et al. Impact of BRAF mutation and microsatellite instability on the pattern of metastatic spread and prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer. 2011; 117(20): 4623-4632.
- 11Yaeger R, Cercek A, Chou JF, et al. BRAF mutation predicts for poor outcomes after metastasectomy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer. 2014; 120(15): 2316-2324.
- 12Levin-Sparenberg E, Bylsma LC, Lowe K, Sangare L, Fryzek JP, Alexander DD. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis describing the prevalence of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF gene mutations in metastatic colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Res. 2020; 13(5): 184-198.
- 13Sanz-Garcia E, Argiles G, Elez E, Tabernero J. BRAF mutant colorectal cancer: prognosis, treatment, and new perspectives. Ann Oncol. 2017; 28(11): 2648-2657.
- 14Araghi M, Soerjomataram I, Bardot A, et al. Changes in colorectal cancer incidence in seven high-income countries: a population-based study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019; 4(7): 511-518.
- 15Sung JJY, Chiu HM, Jung KW, et al. Increasing trend in young-onset colorectal cancer in Asia: more cancers in men and more rectal cancers. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019; 114(2): 322-329.
- 16Young JP, Win AK, Rosty C, et al. Rising incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer in Australia over two decades: report and review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; 30(1): 6-13.
- 17Cervantes A, Adam R, Roselló S, et al. Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2023; 34(1): 10-32.
- 18Zeineddine FA, Zeineddine MA, Yousef A, et al. Survival improvement for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer over twenty years. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2023; 7(1): 16.
- 19Wang J, Li S, Liu Y, Zhang C, Li H, Lai B. Metastatic patterns and survival outcomes in patients with stage IV colon cancer: a population-based analysis. Cancer Med. 2020; 9(1): 361-373.
- 20Siu DHW, Ali A, Tjokrowidjaja A, et al. Clinical and molecular profile of young adults with early-onset colorectal cancer: experience from four Australian tertiary centers. Asia-Pac J Clin Oncol. 2022; 18(6): 660-668.
- 21Fanelli GN, Dal Pozzo CA, Depetris I, et al. The heterogeneous clinical and pathological landscapes of metastatic Braf-mutated colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 2020; 20: 30.
- 22Bellio H, Fumet JD, Ghiringhelli F. Targeting BRAF and RAS in colorectal cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021; 13(9): 2201.
- 23Davies H, Bignell GR, Cox C, et al. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Nature. 2002; 417(6892): 949-954.
- 24Jones JC, Renfro LA, Al-Shamsi HO, et al. Non-V600BRAF mutations define a clinically distinct molecular subtype of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35(23): 2624-2630.
- 25Johnson B, Loree JM, Jacome AA, et al. Atypical, non-V600 BRAF mutations as a potential mechanism of resistance to EGFR inhibition in metastatic colorectal cancer. JCO Precis Oncol. 2019; 3: 1-10.
- 26Osumi H, Shinozaki E, Wakatsuki T, et al. Non-V600E BRAF mutations and EGFR signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2019; 145(9): 2488-2495.
- 27Morkel M, Riemer P, Bläker H, Sers C. Similar but different: distinct roles for KRAS and BRAF oncogenes in colorectal cancer development and therapy resistance. Oncotarget. 2015; 6(25): 20785-20800.
- 28Ros J, Saoudi N, Baraibar I, Salva F, Tabernero J, Elez E. Encorafenib plus cetuximab for the treatment of BRAF-V600E-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2022; 15: 1-14.
10.1177/17562848221110644 Google Scholar
- 29Tabernero J, Ros J, Élez E. The evolving treatment landscape in BRAF-V600E–mutated metastatic colorectal cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book. 2022; 42: 1-10.
- 30Weisenberger DJ, Siegmund KD, Campan M, et al. CpG island methylator phenotype underlies sporadic microsatellite instability and is tightly associated with BRAF mutation in colorectal cancer. Nat Genet. 2006; 38(7): 787-793.
- 31Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, et al. The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Nat Med. 2015; 21(11): 1350-1356.
- 32Barras D, Missiaglia E, Wirapati P, et al. BRAF V600E mutant colorectal cancer subtypes based on gene expression. Clin Cancer Res. 2017; 23(1): 104-115.
- 33Cheng HH, Lin JK, Chen WS, Jiang JK, Yang SH, Chang SC. Clinical significance of the BRAFV600E mutation in Asian patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2018; 33(9): 1173-1181.
- 34Afolabi H, Md Salleh S, Zakaria Z, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the occurrence of biomarker mutation in colorectal cancer among the Asian population. Biomed Res Int. 2022; 2022:5824183.
- 35Ma BB, Mo F, Tong JH, et al. Elucidating the prognostic significance of, and mutations in Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Asia-Pac J Clin Oncol. 2015; 11(2): 160-169.
- 36Prasanna T, Karapetis CS, Roder D, et al. The survival outcome of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer based on the site of metastases and the impact of molecular markers and site of primary cancer on metastatic pattern. Acta Oncol. 2018; 57(11): 1438-1444.
- 37Martinelli E, Cremolini C, Mazard T, et al. Real-world first-line treatment of patients with BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: the CAPSTAN CRC study. ESMO Open. 2022; 7(6):100603.
- 38Morris V, Overman MJ, Jiang ZQ, et al. Progression-free survival remains poor over sequential lines of systemic therapy in patients with BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2014; 13(3): 164-171.
- 39Chiorean EG, Nandakumar G, Fadelu T, et al. Treatment of patients with late-stage colorectal cancer: ASCO resource-stratified guideline. JCO Glob Oncol. 2020; 6: 414-438.
- 40Sepulveda AR, Hamilton SR, Allegra CJ, et al. Molecular biomarkers for the evaluation of colorectal cancer: guideline from the American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology, and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35(13): 1453-1486.
- 41Yoshino T, Cervantes A, Bando H, et al. Pan-Asian adapted ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. ESMO Open. 2023; 8(3):101558.
- 42 Cancer Council Australia C Clinical Guidelines [Internet]. Cancer Council Australia; 2023. https://www.cancer.org.au/clinical-guidelines/bowel-cancer/colorectal-cancer
- 43Day F, Muranyi A, Singh S, et al. A mutant BRAF V600E-specific immunohistochemical assay: correlation with molecular mutation status and clinical outcome in colorectal cancer. Target Oncol. 2015; 10(1): 99-109.
- 44Morris VK, Kennedy EB, Baxter NN, et al. Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2023; 41(3): 678-700.
- 45de Gramont A, Figer A, Seymour M, et al. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000; 18(16): 2938-2947.
- 46Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C, et al. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343(13): 905-914.
- 47Tournigand C, André T, Achille E, et al. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2004; 22(2): 229-237.
- 48Neugut AI, Lin A, Raab GT, et al. FOLFOX and FOLFIRI use in stage IV colon cancer: analysis of SEER-Medicare data. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2019; 18(2): 133-140.
- 49Cassidy J, Clarke S, Díaz-Rubio E, et al. Randomized phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil/folinic acid plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(12): 2006-2012.
- 50Hurwitz HI, Tebbutt NC, Kabbinavar F, et al. Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer: pooled analysis from seven randomized controlled trials. Oncologist. 2013; 18(9): 1004-1012.
- 51Lv ZC, Ning JY, Chen HB. Efficacy and toxicity of adding cetuximab to chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis from 12 randomized controlled trials. Tumour Biol. 2014; 35(12): 11741-11750.
- 52Pietrantonio F, Petrelli F, Coinu A, et al. Predictive role of BRAF mutations in patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving cetuximab and panitumumab: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2015; 51(5): 587-594.
- 53Van Cutsem E, Köhne CH, Láng I, et al. Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status. J Clin Oncol. 2011; 29(15): 2011-2019.
- 54Di Nicolantonio F, Martini M, Molinari F, et al. Wild-type BRAF is required for response to panitumumab or cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26(35): 5705-5712.
- 55Ince WL, Jubb AM, Holden SN, et al. Association of k-ras, b-raf, and p53 status with the treatment effect of bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(13): 981-989.
- 56Loupakis F, Cremolini C, Masi G, et al. Initial therapy with FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(17): 1609-1618.
- 57Cremolini C, Loupakis F, Antoniotti C, et al. FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: updated overall survival and molecular subgroup analyses of the open-label, phase 3 TRIBE study. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16(13): 1306-1315.
- 58Cremolini C, Antoniotti C, Stein A, et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab versus doublets plus bevacizumab as initial therapy of unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38(28): 3314-3324.
- 59Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364(26): 2507-2516.
- 60Kopetz S, Desai J, Chan E, et al. Phase II pilot study of vemurafenib in patients with metastatic BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(34): 4032-4038.
- 61Grothey A, Fakih M, Tabernero J. Management of BRAF-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: a review of treatment options and evidence-based guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2021; 32(8): 959-967.
- 62Corcoran RB, Atreya CE, Falchook GS, et al. Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition with dabrafenib and trametinib in BRAF V600-mutant colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015; 33(34): 4023-4031.
- 63Klute KA, Rothe M, Garrett-Mayer E, et al. Cobimetinib plus vemurafenib in patients with colorectal cancer with BRAF mutations: results from the targeted agent and profiling utilization registry (TAPUR) study. JCO Precis Oncol. 2022; 6:e2200191.
- 64Prahallad A, Sun C, Huang S, et al. Unresponsiveness of colon cancer to BRAF(V600E) inhibition through feedback activation of EGFR. Nature. 2012; 483(7387): 100-103.
- 65Corcoran RB, Ebi H, Turke AB, et al. EGFR-mediated re-activation of MAPK signaling contributes to insensitivity of BRAF mutant colorectal cancers to RAF inhibition with vemurafenib. Cancer Discov. 2012; 2(3): 227-235.
- 66Tan L, Tran B, Tie J, et al. A phase Ib/II trial of combined BRAF and EGFR inhibition in BRAF V600E positive metastatic colorectal cancer and other cancers: the EVICT (erlotinib and vemurafenib in combination trial) study. Clin Cancer Res. 2023; 29(6): 1017-1030.
- 67Corcoran RB, André T, Atreya CE, et al. Combined BRAF, EGFR, and MEK inhibition in patients with BRAFV600E-mutant colorectal cancer. Cancer Discov. 2018; 8(4): 428-443.
- 68Kopetz S, Grothey A, Yaeger R, et al. Encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab in BRAF V600E-mutated colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381(17): 1632-1643.
- 69Tabernero J, Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, et al. Encorafenib plus cetuximab as a new standard of care for previously treated BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: updated survival results and subgroup analyses from the BEACON study. J Clin Oncol. 2021; 39(4): 273-284.
- 70 US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves encorafenib in combination with cetuximab for metastatic colorectal cancer with a BRAF V600E mutation [Internet]. US Food and Drug Administration; 2020. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-encorafenib-combination-cetuximab-metastatic-colorectal-cancer-braf-v600e-mutation
- 71 European Medicines Agency. European public assessment report: Braftovi (encorafenib) [Internet]. European Medicines Agency; 2020. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/braftovi
- 72Kopetz S, Murphy DA, Pu J, et al. Molecular correlates of clinical benefit in previously treated patients (pts) with BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) from the BEACON study. J Clin Oncol. 2021; 39(15): 3513.
10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.3513 Google Scholar
- 73 Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. Review report: Braftovi capsules (colorectal cancer). Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency; 2020. https://www.pmda.go.jp/files/000240840.pdf
- 74 European Medicines Agency. Braftovi (encorafenib): product information. European Medicines Agency; 2023. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/braftovi
- 75Tabernero J, Velez L, Trevino TL, et al. Management of adverse events from the treatment of encorafenib plus cetuximab for patients with BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: insights from the BEACON CRC study. ESMO Open. 2021; 6(6):100328.
- 76Taieb J, Lonardi S, Desai J, et al. Adverse events associated with encorafenib plus cetuximab in patients with BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer: an in-depth analysis of the BEACON CRC study. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2023; 22(1): 59-66.
- 77Fowler M, Tobback H, Karuri A, Fernández-Ortega P. Nursing care and management of adverse events for patients with BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer receiving encorafenib in combination with cetuximab: a review. Support Care Cancer. 2023; 31(4): 204.
- 78 ImClone LLC. ERBITUX® (cetuximab) prescribing information. ImClone LLC; 2021. https://www.erbitux.com/
- 79O'Neil BH, Allen R, Spigel DR, et al. High incidence of cetuximab-related infusion reactions in Tennessee and North Carolina and the association with atopic history. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25(24): 3644-3648.
- 80Chung CH, Mirakhur B, Chan E, et al. Cetuximab-induced anaphylaxis and IgE specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358(11): 1109-1117.
- 81Yuile A, Fanuli C, van Nunen S, et al. Increased rates of cetuximab reactions in tick prevalent regions and a proposed protocol for risk mitigation. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2021; 17(6): 448-453.
- 82Dupont M, Carlier C, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Incidence and associated factors of cetuximab-induced hypersensitivity infusion reactions in 1392 cancer patients treated in four French areas: a possible association with Lyme disease? BMC Cancer. 2022; 22(1): 1219.
- 83Lungulescu CV, Ungureanu BS, Turcu-Stiolica A, et al. The role of IgE specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose in predicting cetuximab induced hypersensitivity reaction: a systematic review and a diagnostic meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):21355.
- 84Commins SP, James HR, Kelly LA, et al. The relevance of tick bites to the production of IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 127(5): 1286-1293.
- 85Chinuki Y, Morita E. Alpha-Gal-containing biologics and anaphylaxis. Allergol Int. 2019; 68(3): 296-300.
- 86Heun J, Holen K. Treatment with panitumumab after a severe infusion reaction to cetuximab in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer: a case report. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2007; 6(7): 529-531.
- 87Cartwright TH, Genther R. Successful administration of panitumumab alone after severe infusion reaction to cetuximab in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2008; 7(3): 202-203.
- 88Saif MW, Peccerillo J, Potter V. Successful re-challenge with panitumumab in patients who developed hypersensitivity reactions to cetuximab: report of three cases and review of literature. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2009; 63(6): 1017-1022.
- 89Langerak A, River G, Mitchell E, Cheema P, Shing M. Panitumumab monotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and cetuximab infusion reactions: a series of four case reports. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 2009; 8(1): 49-54.
- 90Caponetto P, Biedermann T, Yazdi AS, Fischer J. Panitumumab: a safe option for oncologic patients sensitized to galactose-α-1,3-galactose. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015; 3(6): 982-983.
- 91Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Sobrero A, et al. Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2013; 381(9863): 303-312.
- 92Li J, Qin S, Xu R, et al. Regorafenib plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CONCUR): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015; 16(6): 619-629.
- 93Røed Skårderud M, Polk A, Kjeldgaard Vistisen K, Larsen FO, Nielsen DL. Efficacy and safety of regorafenib in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: a systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018; 62: 61-73.
- 94Mayer RJ, Van Cutsem E, Falcone A, et al. Randomized trial of TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015; 372(20): 1909-1919.
- 95Xu J, Kim TW, Shen L, et al. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) monotherapy in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: the TERRA study. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(4): 350-358.
- 96Prager GW, Taieb J, Fakih M, et al. Trifluridine-tipiracil and bevacizumab in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2023; 388(18): 1657-1667.
- 97Li J, Qin S, Xu RH, et al. Effect of fruquintinib vs placebo on overall survival in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: the FRESCO randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018; 319(24): 2486-2496.
- 98Dasari NA, Lonardi S, Garcia-Carbonero R, et al. FRESCO-2: a global phase III multiregional clinical trial (MRCT) evaluating the efficacy and safety of fruquintinib in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2022; 33(7): S1391-1392.
10.1016/j.annonc.2022.08.021 Google Scholar
- 99Kopetz S, Murphy DA, Pu J, et al. Genomic mechanisms of acquired resistance of patients (pts) with BRAF V600E-mutant (mt) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated in the BEACON study. Ann Oncol. 2022; 33(7): S681-682.
10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.454 Google Scholar
- 100Xu T, Wang X, Wang Z, et al. Molecular mechanisms underlying the resistance of BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer to EGFR/BRAF inhibitors. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2022; 14:17588359221105022.
10.1177/17588359221105022 Google Scholar
- 101Huijberts S, Boelens MC, Bernards R, Opdam FL. Mutational profiles associated with resistance in patients with BRAFV600E mutant colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab and encorafenib +/− binimetinib or alpelisib. Br J Cancer. 2021; 124(1): 176-182.
- 102Ye LF, Huang ZY, Chen XX, et al. Monitoring tumour resistance to the BRAF inhibitor combination regimen in colorectal cancer patients via circulating tumour DNA. Drug Resist Updat. 2022; 65:100883.
- 103Cremolini C, Montagut C, Ronga P, et al. Rechallenge with anti-EGFR therapy to extend the continuum of care in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Front Oncol. 2023; 12:946850.
- 104Kotani D, Kagawa Y, Matsubara Y, et al. TRIDENTE trial: a phase II study of rechallenge with encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab in patients with RAS wild-type/BRAF V600E–mutant metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2023; 41(4):TPS264.
10.1200/JCO.2023.41.4_suppl.TPS264 Google Scholar
- 105Boukouris AE, Theochari M, Stefanou D, et al. Latest evidence on immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic colorectal cancer: a 2022 update. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2022; 173:103663.
- 106André T, Shiu KK, Kim TW, et al. Pembrolizumab in microsatellite-instability–high advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383(23): 2207-2218.
- 107Overman MJ, McDermott R, Leach JL, et al. Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142): an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2017; 18(9): 1182-1191.
- 108Overman MJ, Lonardi S, Wong KYM, et al. Durable clinical benefit with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in DNA mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36(8): 773-779.
- 109 ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of nivolumab, nivolumab plus ipilimumab, or investigator's choice chemotherapy for the treatment of participants with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR)/microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) (CheckMate 8HW) [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2023. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04008030
- 110Andre T, Elez E, Cutsem EV, et al. Nivolumab (NIVO) plus ipilimumab (IPI) vs chemotherapy (chemo) as first-line (1L) treatment for microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient (MSI-H/dMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): first results of the CheckMate 8HW study. J Clin Oncol. 2024; 42(3):LBA768.
10.1200/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.LBA768 Google Scholar
- 111Diaz LA Jr, Shiu KK, Kim TW, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for microsatellite instability-high or mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer (KEYNOTE-177): final analysis of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2022; 23(5): 659-670.
- 112Shiu KK, André T, Kim TW, et al. Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H)/mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): 5-year follow-up of the randomized phase III KEYNOTE-177 study. Ann Oncol. 2023; 34(2): S1271-S1272.
10.1016/j.annonc.2023.10.024 Google Scholar
- 113Colle R, Lonardi S, Cachanado M, et al. BRAFV600E/RAS mutations and Lynch syndrome in patients with MSI-H/dMMR metastatic colorectal cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncologist. 2023; 28(9): 771-779.
- 114Yoshino T, Andre T, Kim TW, et al. Pembrolizumab in Asian patients with microsatellite-instability-high/mismatch-repair-deficient colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci. 2023; 114(3): 1026-1036.
- 115Saberzadeh-Ardestani B, Jones JC, Hubbard JM, et al. Association between survival and metastatic site in mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer treated with first-line pembrolizumab. JAMA Netw Open. 2023; 6(2):e230400.
- 116André T, Lonardi S, Wong KYM, et al. Nivolumab plus low-dose ipilimumab in previously treated patients with microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: 4-year follow-up from CheckMate 142. Ann Oncol. 2022; 33(10): 1052-1060.
- 117Le DT, Kim TW, Van Cutsem E, et al. Phase II open-label study of pembrolizumab in treatment-refractory, microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: KEYNOTE-164. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38(1): 11-19.
- 118Martinelli E, Arnold D, Cervantes A, et al. European expert panel consensus on the clinical management of BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2023; 115:102541.
- 119Kasi PM, Kamatham S, Shahjehan F, et al. BRAF-V600E and microsatellite instability prediction through CA-19-9/CEA ratio in patients with colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2020; 11(2): 236-241.
- 120Mauri G, Vitiello PP, Sogari A, et al. Liquid biopsies to monitor and direct cancer treatment in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2022; 127(3): 394-407.
- 121Ros J, Matito J, Villacampa G, et al. Plasmatic BRAF-V600E allele fraction as a prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer treated with BRAF combinatorial treatments. Ann Oncol. 2023; 34(6): 543-552.
- 122Kranenburg O, van der Speeten K, de Hingh I. Peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer: defining and addressing the challenges. Front Oncol. 2021; 11:650098.
- 123Symonds LK, Cohen SA. Use of perioperative chemotherapy in colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2019; 7(5): 301-311.
- 124Petrelli F, Comito T, Barni S, Pancera G, Scorsetti M, Ghidini A. Stereotactic body radiotherapy for colorectal cancer liver metastases: a systematic review. Radiother Oncol. 2018; 129(3): 427-434.
- 125Li J, Wang AR, Chen XD, Zhang YX, Pan H, Li SQ. Effect of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in combination with cytoreductive surgery on the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol. 2022; 20(1): 200.
- 126Quénet F, Elias D, Roca L, et al. Cytoreductive surgery plus hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy versus cytoreductive surgery alone for colorectal peritoneal metastases (PRODIGE 7): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021; 22(2): 256-266.
- 127Margonis GA, Buettner S, Andreatos N, et al. Association of BRAF mutations with survival and recurrence in surgically treated patients with metastatic colorectal liver cancer. JAMA Surg. 2018; 153(7):e180996.
- 128Prasanna T, Wong R, Price T, et al. Metastasectomy and BRAF mutation; an analysis of survival outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer. Curr Probl Cancer. 2021; 45(1):100637.
- 129Javed S, Benoist S, Devos P, et al. Prognostic factors of BRAF V600E colorectal cancer with liver metastases: a retrospective multicentric study. World J Surg Oncol. 2022; 20(1): 131.
- 130Flood MP, Jain A, Mitchell C, et al. The impact of molecular and mismatch repair status on the survival outcomes of surgically treated patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2022; 48(10): 2218-2225.
- 131Graf W, Cashin PH, Ghanipour L, et al. Prognostic impact of BRAF and KRAS mutation in patients with colorectal and appendiceal peritoneal metastases scheduled for CRS and HIPEC. Ann Surg Oncol. 2020; 27(1): 293-300.
- 132Baratti D, Kusamura S, Niger M, et al. Prognostic impact of primary side and RAS/RAF mutations in a surgical series of colorectal cancer with peritoneal metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021; 28(6): 3332-3342.
- 133Larsen SG, Goscinski MA, Dueland S, et al. Impact of KRAS, BRAF and microsatellite instability status after cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC in a national cohort of colorectal peritoneal metastasis patients. Br J Cancer. 2022; 126(5): 726-735.
- 134Adam R, Piedvache C, Chiche L, et al. Chemotherapy and liver transplantation versus chemotherapy alone in patients with definitively unresectable colorectal liver metastases: a prospective multicentric randomized trial (TRANSMET). J Clin Oncol. 2024; 42(suppl_16): 3500-3500.
10.1200/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.3500 Google Scholar
- 135 ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of encorafenib plus cetuximab with or without chemotherapy in people with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2023. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04607421
- 136Kopetz S, Yoshino T, Kim TW, et al. BREAKWATER: an open-label, multicenter, randomized, phase 3 study, with a safety lead-in (SLI), of first-line (1L) encorafenib (E) + cetuximab (C) ± chemotherapy (CT) vs standard-of-care (SOC) CT for BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). J Clin Oncol. 2023; 41(16):TPS3627.
10.1200/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.TPS3627 Google Scholar
- 137Kopetz S, Yoshino T, Kim TW, et al. BREAKWATER safety lead-in (SLI): encorafenib + cetuximab (EC) ± chemotherapy for first-line (1L) treatment (tx) of BRAF V600E-mutant (BRAFV600E) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). J Clin Oncol. 2022; 40(4): 134.
10.1200/JCO.2022.40.4_suppl.134 Google Scholar
- 138Tabernero J, Yoshino T, Kim TW, et al. BREAKWATER safety lead-in (SLI): encorafenib (E) + cetuximab (C) + chemotherapy (chemo) for BRAFV600E metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Ann Oncol. 2022; 33(7): S1392-1393.
10.1016/j.annonc.2022.08.022 Google Scholar
- 139 ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of encorafenib plus cetuximab taken together with pembrolizumab compared to pembrolizumab alone in people with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer (SEAMARK) [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2023. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05217446
- 140Kopetz S, Bekaii-Saab TS, Yoshino T, Chung C-H, Zhang X, Tabernero J. SEAMARK: randomized phase 2 study of pembrolizumab + encorafenib + cetuximab vs pembrolizumab alone for first-line treatment of BRAF V600E–mutant microsatellite instability–high (MSI-H)/mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). J Clin Oncol. 2023; 41(4):TPS268.
10.1200/JCO.2023.41.4_suppl.TPS268 Google Scholar
- 141Eng C, Kim TW, Bendell J, et al. Atezolizumab with or without cobimetinib versus regorafenib in previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (IMblaze370): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019; 20(6): 849-861.
- 142 ClinicalTrials.gov. Testing the addition of nivolumab to standard treatment for patients with metastatic or unresectable colorectal cancer that have a BRAF mutation [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2023. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05308446
- 143Morris VK, Guthrie KA, Kopetz S, et al. Randomized phase II trial of encorafenib and cetuximab with or without nivolumab for patients with previously treated, microsatellite stable, BRAFV600E metastatic and/or unresectable colorectal cancer: SWOG S2107. J Clin Oncol. 2023; 41(4):TPS265.
10.1200/JCO.2023.41.4_suppl.TPS265 Google Scholar
- 144Meng X, Gao JZ, Gomendoza SMT, Li JW, Yang S. Recent advances of Wee1 inhibitors and statins in cancers with p53 mutations. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021; 8:737951.
- 145 ClinicalTrials.gov. ZN-c3 in adult participants with metastatic colorectal cancer [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2023. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05743036
- 146Ciombor KK, Strickler JH, Bekaii-Saab TS, Yaeger R. BRAF-mutated advanced colorectal cancer: a rapidly changing therapeutic landscape. J Clin Oncol. 2022; 40(24): 2706-2715.
- 147Sullivan RJ, Infante JR, Janku F, et al. First-in-class ERK1/2 inhibitor ulixertinib (BVD-523) in patients with MAPK mutant advanced solid tumors: results of a phase I dose-escalation and expansion study. Cancer Discov. 2018; 8(2): 184-195.
- 148Sullivan RJ, Hollebecque A, Flaherty KT, et al. A phase I study of LY3009120, a pan-RAF inhibitor, in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2020; 19(2): 460-467.
- 149Desai J, Gan H, Barrow C, et al. Phase I, open-label, dose-escalation/dose-expansion study of lifirafenib (BGB-283), an RAF family kinase inhibitor, in patients with solid tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2020; 38(19): 2140-2150.
- 150Ahmed TA, Adamopoulos C, Karoulia Z, et al. SHP2 drives adaptive resistance to ERK signaling inhibition in molecularly defined subsets of ERK-dependent tumors. Cell Rep. 2019; 26(1): 65-78.
- 151 ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of select drug combinations in adult patients with advanced/metastatic BRAF V600 colorectal cancer [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov; 2023. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04294160
- 152Van Cutsem E, Taieb J, Yaeger R, et al. ANCHOR CRC: results from a single-arm, phase II study of encorafenib plus binimetinib and cetuximab in previously untreated BRAFV600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2023; 41(14): 2628-2637.
- 153Wang Z, Qin BD, Ye CY, et al. Cetuximab and vemurafenib plus FOLFIRI (5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/irinotecan) for BRAF V600E-mutated advanced colorectal cancer (IMPROVEMENT): an open-label, single-arm, phase II trial. Eur J Cancer. 2022; 163: 152-162.
- 154Ducreux M, Tabernero J, Grothey A, et al. Clinical and exploratory biomarker findings from the MODUL trial (Cohorts 1, 3 and 4) of biomarker-driven maintenance therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2023; 184: 137-150.
- 155Tian J, Chen JH, Chao SX, et al. Combined PD-1, BRAF and MEK inhibition in BRAFV600E colorectal cancer: a phase 2 trial. Nat Med. 2023; 29(2): 458-466.
- 156Morris VK, Parseghian CM, Escano M, et al. Phase I/II trial of encorafenib, cetuximab, and nivolumab in patients with microsatellite stable, BRAFV600E metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2022; 40(4): 12.
- 157Kopetz S, Guthrie KA, Morris VK, et al. Randomized trial of irinotecan and cetuximab with or without vemurafenib in BRAF-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (SWOG S1406). J Clin Oncol. 2021; 39(4): 285-294.