Risk factors, histopathological landscape, biomarkers, treatment patterns and survival of early-onset colorectal cancer: A narrative review
Corresponding Author
Celine Garrett
Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Correspondence
Celine Garrett, Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Level 9, 89 Missenden Road, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel Steffens
Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorStephen Ackland
Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Solomon
Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCherry Koh
Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Celine Garrett
Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Correspondence
Celine Garrett, Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Level 9, 89 Missenden Road, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorDaniel Steffens
Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorStephen Ackland
Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Solomon
Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCherry Koh
Surgical Outcomes Research Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) incidence has increased in most Western countries over the last decade, with Australia at the forefront. Recent literature has thus focused on characterizing EOCRC from later-onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC). Earlier exposure to modifiable risk factors resulting in gut dysbiosis has been linked with EOCRC development. EOCRCs have more aggressive histopathological features with somatic mutations resulting in pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironments. There is a tendency to treat EOCRCs with multimodal chemotherapeutic regimens and more extensive surgery than LOCRCs with conflicting postoperative outcomes and survival data. Current research is limited by a lack of Australasian studies, retrospective study designs, and heterogeneous definitions of EOCRC. Future research should address these and focus on investigating the role of immunotherapies, establishing minimally invasive diagnostic biomarkers and nomograms, and evaluating the survival and functional outcomes of EOCRC.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data sharing is not applicable—no new data were generated.
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