Enhancing Performance of NiOx-Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells: Advances in Buried Interface Material Modification Strategy
Yulin Wei
The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000 China
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorChenyang Zhang
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Han Wang
School of Management, Xián Polytechnic University, Xián, 710048 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRuida Xu
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorJing Li
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorGongbo Fu
Department of Oncology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Kai Wang
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mingjia Xiao
The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorYulin Wei
The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000 China
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorChenyang Zhang
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Han Wang
School of Management, Xián Polytechnic University, Xián, 710048 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorRuida Xu
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorJing Li
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
Search for more papers by this authorGongbo Fu
Department of Oncology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Kai Wang
Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Mingjia Xiao
The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000 China
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a current research hotspot due to their advantages such as low-temperature preparation, low hysteresis, and compatibility with stacked other cells. NiOx, as a metal oxide hole transport layer material, is widely used in inverted PSCs. However, challenges such as high defect density, low intrinsic conductivity, and unfavorable valence band mismatch at the NiOx/perovskite interface hinder further improvement of device performance. Therefore, enhancing the buried interface between NiOx and perovskite layers is crucial for optimizing performance. This review systematically categorizes materials based on their types, including organic small molecules, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), polymers, and salts. Additionally, it incorporates other strategies, such as the introduction of low-dimensional materials, metal doping, and advancements in NiOx deposition technology. By reviewing the materials and technologies used in the past 2 years, this article aims to provide insights for enhancing the buried interface to achieve more efficient and stable NiOx-based PSCs. Finally, we also discuss future directions and challenges.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1F. M. Rombach, S. A. Haque, T. J. Macdonald, Energy Environ. Sci. 2021, 14, 5161.
- 2G. Nazir, S.-Y. Lee, J.-H. Lee, A. Rehman, J.-K. Lee, S. I. Seok, S.-J. Park, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2204380.
- 3Q. Zhang, Q. Zhao, H. Wang, Y. Yao, L. Li, Y. Wei, R. Xu, C. Zhang, E. O. Shalenov, Y. Tu, K. Wang, M. Xiao, Nano Micro Lett. 2025, 17, 107.
- 4J. Zhou, L. Tan, Y. Liu, H. Li, X. Liu, M. Li, S. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Jiang, R. Hua, W. Tress, S. Meloni, C. Yi, Joule 2024, 8, 1691.
- 5Q. Zhang, H. Wang, Q. Zhao, A. Ullah, X. Zhong, Y. Wei, C. Zhang, R. Xu, S. De Wolf, K. Wang, ACS Energy Lett. 2024, 9, 5924.
- 6X. Li, S. Gao, X. Wu, Q. Liu, L. Zhu, C. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Liu, W. Chen, X. Li, P. Xiao, Q. Huang, T. Chen, Z. Li, X. Gao, Z. Xiao, Y. Lu, X. Zeng, S. Xiao, Z. Zhu, S. Yang, Joule 2024, 11, 3169.
10.1016/j.joule.2024.07.009 Google Scholar
- 7Q. Li, H. Liu, C.-H. Hou, H. Yan, S. Li, P. Chen, H. Xu, W.-Y. Yu, Y. Zhao, Y. Sui, Q. Zhong, Y. Ji, J.-J. Shyue, S. Jia, B. Yang, P. Tang, Q. Gong, L. Zhao, R. Zhu, Nat. Energy 2024, 12, 1506.
- 8M. A. Green, E. D. Dunlop, M. Yoshita, N. Kopidakis, K. Bothe, G. Siefer, D. Hinken, M. Rauer, J. Hohl-Ebinger, X. Hao, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 2024, 32, 425.
- 9 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart, https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html (accessed: December 2024).
- 10Q. Zhao, B. Zhang, W. Hui, Z. Su, H. Wang, Q. Zhang, K. Gao, X. Zhang, B. Li, X. Gao, X. Wang, S. De Wolf, K. Wang, S. Pang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 19108.
- 11H. Wang, C. Zhang, Y. Yao, C. Cheng, K. Wang, Small 2024, 20, 2403193.
- 12Y. Liu, S. Yuan, H. Zheng, M. Wu, S. Zhang, J. Lan, W. Li, J. Fan, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2300188.
- 13Y. Huang, T. Liu, C. Liang, J. Xia, D. Li, H. Zhang, A. Amini, G. Xing, C. Cheng, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 2000863.
- 14D. Luo, W. Yang, Z. Wang, A. Sadhanala, Q. Hu, R. Su, R. Shivanna, G. F. Trindade, J. F. Watts, Z. Xu, T. Liu, K. Chen, F. Ye, P. Wu, L. Zhao, J. Wu, Y. Tu, Y. Zhang, X. Yang, W. Zhang, R. H. Friend, Q. Gong, H. J. Snaith, R. Zhu, Science 2018, 360, 1442.
- 15N. Phung, M. Verheijen, A. Todinova, K. Datta, M. Verhage, A. Al-Ashouri, H. Köbler, X. Li, A. Abate, S. Albrecht, M. Creatore, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 2166.
- 16P. Ru, E. Bi, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, W. Kong, Y. Sha, W. Tang, P. Zhang, Y. Wu, W. Chen, X. Yang, H. Chen, L. Han, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 1903487.
- 17B. Li, W. Zhang, Commun. Mater. 2022, 3, 1.
- 18F. Ma, Y. Zhao, J. Li, X. Zhang, H. Gu, J. You, J. Energy Chem. 2021, 52, 393.
- 19P. Chen, Y. Xiao, S. Li, X. Jia, D. Luo, W. Zhang, H. J. Snaith, Q. Gong, R. Zhu, Chem. Rev. 2024, 124, 10623.
- 20H. Wang, Z. Zhang, C. Zhang, Y. Yao, K. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2024, 12, 22442.
- 21Y. Li, J.-F. Liao, H. Pan, G. Xing, Sol. RRL 2022, 6, 2200647.
- 22W.-M. Gu, K.-J. Jiang, X. Jiao, L. Wu, C.-Y. Gao, X.-H. Fan, L.-M. Yang, Q. Wang, Y. Song, Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 485, 149512.
- 23H. Li, S. Liu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2024, 12, 9929.
- 24H. Zhang, C. Zhao, J. Yao, W. C. H. Choy, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, 202219307.
- 25Z. Tang, D. Yao, Y. Li, C. Li, T. Xia, N. Tian, J. Wang, G. Zheng, S. Mo, F. Long, B. Zhou, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16, 23973.
- 26H. Rao, S. Ye, W. Sun, W. Yan, Y. Li, H. Peng, Z. Liu, Z. Bian, Y. Li, C. Huang, Nano Energy 2016, 27, 51.
- 27D. Wang, N. K. Elumalai, M. A. Mahmud, M. Wright, M. B. Upama, K. H. Chan, C. Xu, F. Haque, G. Conibeer, A. Uddin, Org. Electron. 2018, 53, 66.
- 28L. Chen, Q. Xie, L. Wan, W. Zhang, S. Fu, H. Zhang, X. Ling, J. Yuan, L. Miao, C. Shen, X. Li, W. Zhang, B. Zhu, H.-Q. Wang, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 5862.
- 29Y. Wang, H. Ju, T. Mahmoudi, C. Liu, C. Zhang, S. Wu, Y. Yang, Z. Wang, J. Hu, Y. Cao, F. Guo, Y.-B. Hahn, Y. Mai, Nano Energy 2021, 88, 106285.
- 30M. I. Hossain, A. K. M. Hasan, W. Qarony, Md. Shahiduzzaman, M. A. Islam, Y. Ishikawa, Y. Uraoka, N. Amin, D. Knipp, Md. Akhtaruzzaman, Y. H. Tsang, Small Methods 2020, 4, 2000454.
- 31T. Wu, L. K. Ono, R. Yoshioka, C. Ding, C. Zhang, S. Mariotti, J. Zhang, K. Mitrofanov, X. Liu, H. Segawa, R. Kabe, L. Han, Y. Qi, Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 4612.
- 32Z. Yang, W. Zhang, S. Wu, H. Zhu, Z. Liu, Z. Liu, Z. Jiang, R. Chen, J. Zhou, Q. Lu, Z. Xiao, L. Shi, H. Chen, L. K. Ono, S. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Qi, L. Han, W. Chen, Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabg3749.
- 33S. Powar, T. Daeneke, M. T. Ma, D. Fu, N. W. Duffy, G. Götz, M. Weidelener, A. Mishra, P. Bäuerle, L. Spiccia, U. Bach, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 602.
- 34A. Garcia, G. C. Welch, E. L. Ratcliff, D. S. Ginley, G. C. Bazan, D. C. Olson, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5368.
- 35J.-Y. Jeng, K.-C. Chen, T.-Y. Chiang, P.-Y. Lin, T.-D. Tsai, Y.-C. Chang, T.-F. Guo, P. Chen, T.-C. Wen, Y.-J. Hsu, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4107.
- 36Y.-H. Seo, I. H. Cho, S.-I. Na, J. Alloys Compd. 2019, 797, 1018.
- 37R. Kaneko, H. Kanda, K. Sugawa, J. Otsuki, A. Islam, M. K. Nazeeruddin, Sol. RRL 2019, 3, 1900172.
- 38H. Sheng, Q. Zhao, X. Sun, B. Zhang, Q. Huang, K. Wang, L. Wang, S. Pang, Sol. RRL 2024, 8, 2300779.
- 39S. Ko, T. Yong, S.-K. Kim, J. Y. Park, G. Lee, H. R. You, S. Han, D. H. Lee, S. Choi, Y. C. Choi, Y. Kim, N.-S. Lee, S. Song, J. Choi, Sol. RRL 2023, 7, 2300049.
- 40J. He, G. Li, G. Huang, Z. Luo, B. Zhang, H. Zhou, A. Meng, S. Li, P. You, Y. Hu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2413104.
- 41J. W. Kim, E. Cho, H. Lee, S. Kwon, J. Park, M. Kim, D. Kim, S. Na, S. Lee, Sol. RRL 2024, 8, 2300933.
- 42R. Zhu, N. Guan, D. Wang, Y. Bao, Z. Wu, L. Song, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2023, 6, 2098.
- 43X. Zhao, W. Zhang, X. Feng, X. Guo, C. Lu, X. Li, J. Fang, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 435, 135140.
- 44M. Feng, Y. Wang, F. Liu, M. Ren, H. Wang, J. Guo, Y. Chen, Y. Miao, Y. Zhao, Sol. RRL 2024, 8, 2300712.
- 45C. C. Boyd, R. C. Shallcross, T. Moot, R. Kerner, L. Bertoluzzi, A. Onno, S. Kavadiya, C. Chosy, E. J. Wolf, J. Werner, J. A. Raiford, C. de Paula, A. F. Palmstrom, Z. J. Yu, J. J. Berry, S. F. Bent, Z. C. Holman, J. M. Luther, E. L. Ratcliff, N. R. Armstrong, M. D. McGehee, Joule 2020, 4, 1759.
- 46X. Sun, C. Zhang, D. Gao, S. Zhang, B. Li, J. Gong, S. Li, S. Xiao, Z. Zhu, Z. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2315157.
- 47X. Sun, Q. Xue, Z. Zhu, Q. Xiao, K. Jiang, H.-L. Yip, H. Yan, Z. Li, Chem. Sci. 2018, 9, 2698.
- 48H. Wang, W. Zhang, B. Wang, Z. Yan, C. Chen, Y. Hua, T. Wu, L. Wang, H. Xu, M. Cheng, Nano Energy 2023, 111, 108363.
- 49J. Zhang, W. Xu, P. Sheng, G. Zhao, D. Zhu, Acc. Chem. Res. 2017, 50, 1654.
- 50R. Xu, X. Xu, R. Luo, Y. Li, G. Wang, T. Liu, N. Cai, S. Yang, J. Energy Chem. 2022, 67, 797.
- 51H. Zhang, Y. Wu, W. Zhang, E. Li, C. Shen, H. Jiang, H. Tian, W.-H. Zhu, Chem. Sci. 2018, 9, 5919.
- 52T. Wang, Z. Wang, Z. Ma, J. Kang, Z. Wang, X. Zong, S. Xue, Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 496, 154011.
- 53S. Li, Z. Shi, J. Dong, R. Ma, Surf. Interfaces 2024, 46, 104044.
- 54H. Elbohy, B. Bahrami, S. Mabrouk, K. M. Reza, A. Gurung, R. Pathak, M. Liang, Q. Qiao, K. Zhu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1806740.
- 55X. Cao, Y. Kang, D. Zhuang, Y. Xu, Y. Wang, G. Yang, H. Huang, L. Zhai, Y. Yang, L. Zhang, C. Zou, Langmuir 2024, 40, 4236.
- 56C. Li, Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, P. Zhang, X. Yang, H. Chen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2214774.
- 57Y. Zhou, X. Huang, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, H. Wu, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, W. Fu, H. Chen, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2400616.
- 58X. Yuan, X. Ling, H. Wang, C. Shen, R. Li, Y. Deng, S. Chen, J. Energy Chem. 2024, 96, 249.
- 59R. Ramanujam, H. Hsu, Z. Shi, C. Lung, C. Lee, G. Z. Wubie, C. Chen, S. Sun, Small 2024, 20, 2310939.
- 60Y. Yang, R. Chen, J. Wu, Z. Dai, C. Luo, Z. Fang, S. Wan, L. Chao, Z. Liu, H. Wang, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, 202409689.
- 61J. Su, G. Zheng, B. Chen, P. Dong, B. Ma, D. Yao, N. Tian, Y. Peng, J. Wang, F. Long, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 18, 23985.
- 62C.-H. Tien, W.-S. Lai, L.-C. Chen, ACS Omega 2024, 9, 23033.
- 63X. Gan, J. Zhang, Y. Xing, X. Peng, Y. Han, Q. Wang, J. Xiong, X. Liu, L. Huang, W. Li, Q. Tai, Y. Zhu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16, 31709.
- 64H. Chang, T. Vasudevan, K. Embrose, L.-C. Chen, Results Phys. 2024, 57, 107359.
- 65M. Tao, Y. Wang, K. Zhang, Z. Song, Y. Lan, H. Guo, L. Guo, X. Zhang, J. Wei, D. Cao, Y. Song, Joule 2024, 11, 3142.
10.1016/j.joule.2024.08.003 Google Scholar
- 66N. Sholihah, H.-C. Cheng, J.-C. Wang, J.-S. Ni, Y.-Y. Yu, C.-P. Chen, Y.-C. Chen, J. Phys. Chem. C 2023, 127, 6167.
- 67G. Shen, H. Dong, F. Yang, X. Ren Ng, X. Li, F. Lin, C. Mu, J. Energy Chem. 2023, 78, 454.
- 68R. Dai, X. Meng, J. Zhang, Z. Cai, L. Tan, Y. Chen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2305013.
- 69X. Kang, D. Wang, K. Sun, X. Dong, W. Hui, B. Wang, L. Gu, M. Li, Y. Bao, J. Zhang, R. Guo, Z. Li, X. Jiang, P. Müller-Buschbaum, L. Song, J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11, 22982.
- 70M. Yang, X. Zhu, K. Mo, S. Li, S. Cheng, Y. Liu, N. Yan, Z. Wang, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2023, 6, 1332.
- 71X. Dong, G. Wu, G. Cui, H. Li, Y. Shen, H. He, N. Liu, Z. Zuo, M. Gu, Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2023, 160, 107454.
- 72Z. Jiang, D. Wang, J. Sun, B. Hu, L. Zhang, X. Zhou, J. Wu, H. Hu, J. Zhang, W. C. H. Choy, B. Xu, Small Methods 2024, 8, 2300241.
- 73J. Peng, Q. Wu, H. Hou, T. Hu, Y. Huang, X. Cai, W. Luo, X. Chen, H. Yu, Mater. Chem. Front. 2023, 7, 2426.
- 74Q. Cao, T. Wang, X. Pu, X. He, M. Xiao, H. Chen, L. Zhuang, Q. Wei, H. Loi, P. Guo, B. Kang, G. Feng, J. Zhuang, G. Feng, X. Li, F. Yan, Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2311970.
- 75X. Zhou, J. Wu, J. Zeng, D. Wang, J. Chen, M. Zhang, W. Peng, Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Yan, C. Liu, X. Wang, B. Xu, Nano Energy 2024, 130, 110170.
- 76J. Luo, H. Zhang, C. Sun, E. Hou, X. Wang, S. Guo, J. Chen, S. Cheng, S. Chen, X. Zhao, L. Xie, L. Meng, C. Tian, Z. Wei, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2024, 63, 202411659.
- 77R. Das Adhikari, H. Baishya, M. J. Patel, D. Yadav, P. K. Iyer, Small 2024, 20, 2404588.
- 78Z. Li, X. Sun, X. Zheng, B. Li, D. Gao, S. Zhang, X. Wu, S. Li, J. Gong, J. M. Luther, Z. Li, Z. Zhu, Science 2023, 382, 284.
- 79Z. Lv, G. Liu, Z. Wang, Y. Gao, W. Lu, J. Wei, L. Zhang, P. Wang, Y. Yan, Y. Shi, J. Bian, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16, 54272.
- 80C. Zhang, X. Shen, M. Chen, Y. Zhao, X. Lin, Z. Qin, Y. Wang, L. Han, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2203250.
- 81T. Hu, H. Hou, J. Peng, Q. Wu, J. He, H. Yu, R. Liu, T. Hou, X. Zhou, M. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Yang, Y. Sun, X. Li, Y. Bai, Mater. Today Energy 2023, 32, 101245.
- 82X. Chen, Y. Ye, S. Feng, B. Lv, J. Wang, J. Tang, W. Dou, Small 2024, 20, 2401256.
- 83J. Suo, B. Yang, D. Bogachuk, G. Boschloo, A. Hagfeldt, Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 15, 2400205.
- 84Y. Yao, C. Cheng, C. Zhang, H. Hu, K. Wang, S. De Wolf, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2203794.
- 85F. Ali, C. Roldán-Carmona, M. Sohail, M. K. Nazeeruddin, Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10, 2002989.
- 86Z. Yi, X. Li, Y. Xiong, G. Shen, W. Zhang, Y. Huang, Q. Jiang, X. R. Ng, Y. Luo, J. Zheng, W. L. Leong, F. Fu, T. Bu, J. Yang, Interdiscip. Mater. 2024, 3, 203.
- 87X. Yu, X. Sun, Z. Zhu, Z. Li, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2025, 64, 202419608.
- 88S. Yu, Z. Xiong, H. Zhou, Q. Zhang, Z. Wang, F. Ma, Z. Qu, Y. Zhao, X. Chu, X. Zhang, J. You, Science 2023, 382, 1399.
- 89P.-A. Lin, B. Yang, C. Lin, Z. Fan, Y. Chen, W. Zhang, B. Cai, J. Sun, X. Zheng, W.-H. Zhang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2024, 26, 14305.
- 90Y.-J. Huang, C.-E. Cai, Y.-C. Feng, B.-T. Liu, R.-H. Lee, ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. 2023, 5, 8949.
- 91I.-H. Ho, Y.-J. Huang, C.-E. Cai, B.-T. Liu, T.-M. Wu, R.-H. Lee, Polymers 2023, 15, 437.
- 92K. Yan, Z. Shen, Y. Huang, B. Niu, H. Chen, C.-Z. Li, Chin. Chem. Lett. 2024, 35, 109516.
- 93Y.-W. Wu, C.-Y. Wang, S.-H. Yang, Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1054.
- 94S. Tu, Y. Gang, Y. Lin, X. Liu, Y. Zhong, D. Yu, X. Li, Small 2024, 20, 2310868.
- 95Y. Wu, M. Wei, Y. Sun, X. Yang, W. Xun, M. Li, R. Chen, Y. Lin, P. Li, Q.-S. Jiang, Vacuum 2024, 222, 113057.
- 96C.-H. Tien, Y.-C. Liu, T. Vasudevan, L.-C. Chen, Heliyon 2024, 10, e25352.
- 97Y. Liu, B. Ding, G. Zhang, X. Ma, Y. Wang, X. Zhang, L. Zeng, M. K. Nazeeruddin, G. Yang, B. Chen, Adv. Sci. 2024, 11, 2309111.
- 98D. S. Mann, S. Kwon, S. Thakur, P. Patil, K. Jeong, S. Na, Small 2024, 20, 2311362.
- 99S. Ye, H. Rao, M. Feng, L. Xi, Z. Yen, D. H. L. Seng, Q. Xu, C. Boothroyd, B. Chen, Y. Guo, B. Wang, T. Salim, Q. Zhang, H. He, Y. Wang, X. Xiao, Y. M. Lam, T. C. Sum, Nat. Energy 2023, 8, 284.
- 100D. Zhang, X. Wang, T. Tian, X. Xia, J. Duan, Z. Fan, F. Li, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 469, 143789.
- 101J. Li, S. Ji, H. Wei, J. Gong, W. Mao, W. Zhang, L. Shi, X. Li, L. Chu, Nano Energy 2024, 122, 109329.
- 102M. González-Hernández, S. E. Reyes, E. A. Erazo, P. Ortiz, M. T. Cortés, Sol. Energy 2024, 276, 112657.
- 103H. Wang, Z. Qin, X. Li, C. Zhao, C. Liang, ENERGY Environ. Mater. 2024, 7, e12666.
- 104X. Yin, L. Song, P. Du, B. Xu, J. Xiong, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 457, 141358.
