High-Performance Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Flexible and Rechargeable Zn–Air Batteries: Recent Advances
Chen-Yu Song
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorChen-Jin Huang
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorHui-Min Xu
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorZhi-Jie Zhang
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorTing-Yu Shuai
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorQi-Ni Zhan
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gao-Ren Li
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorChen-Yu Song
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorChen-Jin Huang
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorHui-Min Xu
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorZhi-Jie Zhang
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorTing-Yu Shuai
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorQi-Ni Zhan
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Gao-Ren Li
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
E-mail: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Flexible rechargeable Zn–air batteries (FZABs) exhibit high energy density, ultra-thin, lightweight, green, and safe features, and are considered as one of the ideal power sources for flexible wearable electronics. However, the slow and high overpotential oxygen reaction at the air cathode has become one of the key factors restricting the development of FZABs. The improvement of activity and stability of bifunctional catalysts has become a top priority. At the same time, FZABs should maintain the battery performance under different bending and twisting conditions, and the design of the overall structure of FZABs is also important. Based on the understanding of the three typical configurations and working principles of FZABs, this work highlights two common strategies for applying bifunctional catalysts to FZABs: 1) powder-based flexible air cathode and 2) flexible self-supported air cathode. It summarizes the recent advances in bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts and explores the various types of catalyst structures as well as the related mechanistic understanding. Based on the latest catalyst research advances, this paper introduces and discusses various structure modulation strategies and expects to guide the synthesis and preparation of efficient bifunctional catalysts. Finally, the current status and challenges of bifunctional catalyst research in FZABs are summarized.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1P. Zhang, Z. Chen, N. Shang, K. Wang, Y. Zuo, M. Wei, H. Wang, D. Zhong, P. Pei, Mat. Chem. Front. 2023, 7, 3994.
- 2L. Peng, L. Shang, T. Zhang, G. I. N. Waterhouse, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2020, 10, 2003018.
- 3M. Wu, G. Zhang, M. Wu, J. Prakash, S. Sun, Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 21, 253.
- 4J. Zhang, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Wang, H. Li, F. Feng, K. Wang, G. Zhang, S. Sun, Y. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11, 7924.
- 5L. Yaqoob, T. Noor, N. Iqbal, J. Energy Storage 2022, 56, 106075.
- 6H. F. Wang, Q. Xu, Matter 2019, 1, 565.
- 7a) W. Fang, J. Zhao, W. Zhang, P. Chen, Z. Bai, M. Wu, J. Alloy. Compd. 2021, 869, 158918; b) H. Xu, H. Zhu, C. Huang, Z. Zhang, T. Shuai, Q. Zhan, G. Li, Sci China Chem 2024, 67, 1137; c) H. Xu, H. Zhu, Z. Zhang, C. Huang, T. Shuai, Q. Zhan, G. Li, Inorg. Chem. 2024, 63, 3702.
- 8R. Sharma, H. Kumar, G. Kumar, S. Sharma, R. Aneja, A. K. Sharma, R. Kumar, P. Kumar, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 468, 143706.
- 9a) Z. Zhao, X. Fan, J. Ding, W. Hu, C. Zhong, J. Lu, ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4, 2259; b) X. Wang, X. Yang, H. Liu, T. Han, J. Hu, H. Li, G. Wu, Small Struct. 2022, 3, 2100103; c) A. K. Ipadeola, A. B. Haruna, L. Gaolatlhe, A. K. Lebechi, J. Meng, Q. Pang, K. Eid, A. M. Abdullah, K. I. Ozoemena, ChemElectroChem 2021, 8, 3998; d) H. M. Xu, C. J. Huang, T. Y. Shuai, Q. N. Zhan, Z. J. Zhang, W. L. Cai, J. Z. Chen, G. R. Li, Sci. China-Mater 2023, 66, 2953.
- 10J. Zhou, J. Cheng, B. Wang, H. Peng, J. Lu, Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 1933.
- 11Y. Zhang, Y. P. Deng, J. Wang, Y. Jiang, G. Cui, L. Shui, A. Yu, X. Wang, Z. Chen, Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 35, 538.
- 12a) P. Zhang, K. Chen, J. Li, M. Wang, M. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Pan, Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, 2303243; b) J. Zhao, K. Yue, H. Zhang, S. Wei, J. Zhu, D. Wang, J. Chen, V. Fominski, G. Li, Nature Commun 2024, 15, 2928; c) T. Shuai, Q. Zhan, H. Xu, Z. Zhang, G. Li, Green Chem. 2023, 25, 1749; d) Z. Yang, H. Xu, T. Shuai, Q. Zhan, Z. Zhang, K. Huang, C. Dai, G. Li, Nanoscale 2023, 15, 11777.
- 13a) H. F. Wang, C. Tang, Q. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1803329; b) C. J. Huang, H. M. Xu, T. Y. Shuai, Q. N. Zhan, Z. J. Zhang, G. R. Li, Small 2023, 19, 2301130; c) C. Huang, H. Xu, T. Shuai, Q. Zhan, Z. Zhang, G. Li, Appl Catal B 2023, 325, 122313.
- 14a) W. Shao, R. Yan, M. Zhou, L. Ma, C. Roth, T. Ma, S. Cao, C. Cheng, B. Yin, S. Li, Electrochem. Energy Rev. 2023, 6, 11; b) T. Shuai, Q. Zhan, H. Xu, C. Huang, Z. Zhang, H. Zhu, G. Li, J. Mater. Chem. A 2024, 12, 2994; c) C. Li, H. Tang, J. Zhao, G. Li, J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11, 5841; d) J. Zhao, K. Yue, Z. Shi, S. Wei, W. Liang, G. Li, J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11, 15717.
- 15Z. Li, X. Lin, W. Xi, M. Shen, B. Gao, Y. Chen, Y. Zheng, B. Lin, Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 593, 153446.
- 16L. Yang, X. Zhang, L. Yu, J. Hou, Z. Zhou, R. Lv, Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2105410.
- 17X. Wang, L. Xu, C. Zhou, N. H. Wong, J. Sunarso, R. Ran, W. Zhou, Z. Shao, Small Sci. 2023, 3, 2300066.
- 18X. Shu, Q. Chen, M. Yang, M. Liu, J. Ma, J. Zhang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2202871.
- 19Q. Lu, H. Wu, X. Zheng, Y. Chen, A. L. Rogach, X. Han, Y. Deng, W. Hu, Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2101438.
- 20Z. Q. Cao, H. B. Hu, M. Z. Wu, K. Tang, T. T. Jiang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 17581.
- 21K. Tang, C. Yuan, Y. Xiong, H. Hu, M. Wu, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2020, 260, 118209.
- 22J. Zhao, H. Hu, W. Fang, Z. Bai, W. Zhang, M. Wu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 5097.
- 23W. Wang, C. Li, S. Liu, J. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Du, Q. Zhang, Y. Yao, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2300250.
- 24a) S. Lei, Z. Liu, C. Liu, J. Li, B. Lu, S. Liang, J. Zhou, Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 4911; b) C. Li, L. Li, B. He, Y. Ling, J. Pu, L. Wei, L. Sun, Q. Zhang, Y. Yao, Mater Sci Eng R Rep 2022, 148, 100671.
- 25H. Cha, J. Kim, Y. Lee, J. Cho, M. Park, Small 2018, 14, 1702989.
- 26Q. Meng, S. Lou, B. Shen, X. Wan, X. Xiao, Y. Ma, H. Huo, G. Yin, Electrochem. Energy Rev. 2022, 5, 30.
- 27a) J. He, C. Lu, H. Jiang, F. Han, X. Shi, J. Wu, L. Wang, T. Chen, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, H. Yang, G. Zhang, X. Sun, B. Wang, P. Chen, Y. Wang, Y. Xia, H. Peng, Nature 2021, 597, 57; b) L. Ye, M. Liao, K. Zhang, M. Zheng, Y. Jiang, X. Cheng, C. Wang, Q. Xu, C. Tang, P. Li, Y. Wen, Y. Xu, X. Sun, P. Chen, H. Sun, Y. Gao, Y. Zhang, B. Wang, J. Lu, H. Zhou, Y. Wang, Y. Xia, X. Xu, H. Peng, Nature 2024, 626, 313; c) X. Lei, X. Liu, W. Ma, Z. Cao, Y. Wang, Y. Ding, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. 2018, 57, 16131.
- 28a) Z. Pan, J. Yang, J. Jiang, Y. Qiu, J. Wang, Mater. Today Energy 2020, 18, 100523; b) Y. Arafat, M. R. Azhar, Y. Zhong, H. R. Abid, M. O. Tadé, Z. Shao, Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2100514.
- 29Y. F. Guo, Y. Li, Y. H. Chen, P. F. Wang, Y. Xie, T. F. Yi, Coord. Chem. Rev. 2023, 495, 215383.
- 30W. Li, L. Cheng, X. Chen, Y. Liu, Y. Liu, Q. Liu, Y. Huang, Nano Energy 2023, 106, 108039.
- 31X. Yan, Y. Ha, R. Wu, Small Methods 2021, 5, 2000827.
- 32J. Song, C. Wei, Z. F. Huang, C. Liu, L. Zeng, X. Wang, Z. J. Xu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 2196.
- 33T. Y. Burshtein, Y. Yasman, L. Muñoz-Moene, J. H. Zagal, D. Eisenberg, ACS Catal. 2024, 14, 2264.
- 34a) H. Zhu, L. Gou, C. Li, X. Fu, Y. Weng, L. Chen, B. Fang, L. Shuai, G. Liao, Device 2024, 2, 100283; b) H. Zhu, C. Zhang, K. Xie, X. Li, G. Liao, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 453, 139775.
- 35X. M. Liu, X. Cui, K. Dastafkan, H. F. Wang, C. Tang, C. Zhao, A. Chen, C. He, M. Han, Q. Zhang, J Energy Chem 2021, 53, 290.
- 36Y. Rao, S. Chen, Q. Yue, Y. Kang, ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 8097.
- 37J. Qian, X. Liu, C. Zhong, G. Xu, H. Li, W. Zhou, B. You, F. Wang, D. Gao, D. Chao, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2212021.
- 38a) X. Li, H. Zhao, J. Liang, Y. Luo, G. Chen, X. Shi, S. Lu, S. Gao, J. Hu, Q. Liu, X. Sun, J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 6650; b) Y. Dai, J. Yu, C. Cheng, P. Tan, M. Ni, Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 397, 125516.
- 39J. Qian, T. Wang, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, J. Li, D. Gao, Nano Energy 2020, 74, 104948.
- 40T. Y. Shuai, Q. N. Zhan, H. M. Xu, C. J. Huang, Z. J. Zhang, G. R. Li, Chem. Commun. 2023, 59, 3968.
- 41Z. Wu, H. Wang, P. Xiong, G. Li, T. Qiu, W. B. Gong, F. Zhao, C. Li, Q. Li, G. Wang, F. Geng, Nano Lett. 2020, 20, 2892.
- 42P. Liu, J. Ran, B. Xia, S. Xi, D. Gao, J. Wang, Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 12, 68.
- 43D. Yang, D. Chen, Y. Jiang, E. H. Ang, Y. Feng, X. Rui, Y. Yu, Carbon Energy 2020, 3, 50.
10.1002/cey2.88 Google Scholar
- 44C. Wang, N. H. Xie, Y. Zhang, Z. Huang, K. Xia, H. Wang, S. Guo, B. Q. Xu, Y. Zhang, Chem. Anal. Biol. Fate: Polynucl. Aromat. Hydrocarbons, Int. Symp., 5th 2019, 31, 1023.
- 45S. S. Shinde, C. H. Lee, J. Y. Yu, D. H. Kim, S. U. Lee, J. H. Lee, ACS Nano 2018, 12, 596.
- 46a) Y. Wang, Q. Cao, C. Guan, C. Cheng, Small 2020, 16, 2002902; b) Q. N. Zhan, T. Y. Shuai, H. M. Xu, C. J. Huang, Z. J. Zhang, G. R. Li, Chin. J. Catal. 2023, 47, 32.
- 47a) G. Liu, X. Xia, C. Zhao, X. Zhang, W. Zhang, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2021, 588, 627; b) N. Yu, H. Chen, J. Kuang, K. Bao, W. Yan, J. Ye, Z. Yang, Q. Huang, Y. Wu, S. Sun, Nano Res. 2022, 15, 7209; c) Z. Chen, Q. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Lei, W. Hu, Y. Luo, Y. Wang, Sci. Bull. 2018, 63, 548.
- 48X. Li, L. Liu, X. Ren, J. Gao, Y. Huang, B. Liu, Sci. Adv. 2020, 6, eabb6833.
- 49X. Liu, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhao, H. Gao, J. Kang, R. Wang, G. Ge, X. Jia, J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 22643.
- 50a) Z. Pei, Y. Huang, Z. Tang, L. Ma, Z. Liu, Q. Xue, Z. Wang, H. Li, Y. Chen, C. Zhi, Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 20, 234; b) N. K. Wagh, D. H. Kim, S. H. Kim, S. S. Shinde, J. H. Lee, ACS Nano 2021, 15, 14683.
- 51L. Yang, N. Huang, C. Luo, H. Yu, P. Sun, X. Lv, X. Sun, Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 404, 127112.
- 52W. Deng, T. Wu, Y. Wu, H. Zheng, G. Li, M. Yang, X. Zou, Y. Bai, Y. Yang, M. Jing, X. Wang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 20993.
- 53N. K. Wagh, S. S. Shinde, C. H. Lee, J. Y. Jung, D. H. Kim, S. H. Kim, C. Lin, S. U. Lee, J. H. Lee, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2020, 268, 118746.
- 54a) Y. Chen, S. Hu, F. Nichols, F. Bridges, S. Kan, T. He, Y. Zhang, S. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 11649; b) S. Chang, H. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J Energy Chem 2021, 56, 64; c) X. Hao, Z. Jiang, B. Zhang, X. Tian, C. Song, L. Wang, T. Maiyalagan, X. Hao, Z. J. Jiang, Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2004572; d) H. Zhang, M. Zhao, H. Liu, S. Shi, Z. Wang, B. Zhang, L. Song, J. Shang, Y. Yang, C. Ma, L. Zheng, Y. Han, W. Huang, Nano Lett. 2021, 21, 2255; e) Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Li, J. Wang, S. Kawi, Q. Zhong, Nano Res. 2023, 16, 6870; f) R. Manjunatha, L. Dong, Z. Zhai, J. Wang, Q. Fu, W. Yan, J. Zhang, Green Energy Environ. 2022, 7, 933.
- 55a) Y. Ma, W. Chen, Z. Jiang, X. Tian, X. WangGuo, G. Chen, Z. J. Jiang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 12616; b) B. Guo, J. Guo, W. Yang, X. Tian, X. Wang, Z. Xiang, M. Wu, Renew. Energy 2022, 201, 117.
- 56J. Li, Y. Kang, W. Wei, X. Li, Z. Lei, P. Liu, Chem. Eng. J. 2021, 407, 127961.
- 57Z. Wang, C. Li, Y. Liu, Y. Wu, S. Zhang, C. Deng, J Energy Chem 2023, 83, 264.
- 58Z. Li, H. Li, M. Li, J. Hu, Y. Liu, D. Sun, G. Fu, Y. Tang, Energy Storage Mater. 2021, 42, 118.
- 59a) Y. Chen, X. Wu, Y. Feng, J. Gao, Y. Huang, W. Gan, Q. Yuan, Carbon 2020, 166, 64; b) T. Zhou, W. Xu, N. Zhang, Z. Du, C. Zhong, W. Yan, H. Ju, W. Chu, H. Jiang, C. Wu, Y. Xie, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1807468; c) S. Peng, X. Han, L. Li, S. Chou, D. Ji, H. Huang, Y. Du, J. Liu, S. Ramakrishna, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1800612; d) Z. Peng, H. Wang, X. Xia, X. Zhang, Z. Dong, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2020, 8, 9009.
- 60J. Wang, J. Xu, X. Guo, T. Shen, C. Xuan, B. Tian, Z. Wen, Y. Zhu, D. Wang, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2021, 298, 120539.
- 61C. Lai, M. Gong, Y. Zhou, J. Fang, L. Huang, Z. Deng, X. Liu, T. Zhao, R. Lin, K. Wang, K. Jiang, H. Xin, D. Wang, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2020, 274, 119086.
- 62X. Shu, S. Chen, S. Chen, W. Pan, J. Zhang, Carbon 2020, 157, 234.
- 63J. Lv, S. C. Abbas, Y. Huang, Q. Liu, M. Wu, Y. Wang, L. Dai, Nano Energy 2018, 43, 130.
- 64H. F. Wang, L. Chen, H. Pang, S. Kaskel, Q. Xu, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 1414.
- 65a) Q. Wang, D. Astruc, Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 1438; b) Q. Xu, L. Peng, K. Luo, J. Zhong, C. Zhang, D. Yuan, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2023, 643, 73; c) W. Z. Cheng, J. L. Liang, H. B. Yin, Y. J. Wang, W. F. Yan, J. N. Zhang, Rare Met. 2020, 39, 815.
- 66H. Lei, Z. Wang, F. Yang, X. Huang, J. Liu, Y. Liang, J. Xie, M. S. Javed, X. Lu, S. Tan, W. Mai, Nano Energy 2020, 68, 104293.
- 67C. P. Wang, X. Lian, Y. X. Lin, L. Cui, C. N. Li, N. Li, A. N. Zhang, J. Yin, J. Kang, J. Zhu, X. H. Bu, Small 2023, 19, 2305201.
- 68a) Y. He, X. Yang, Y. Li, L. Liu, S. Guo, C. Shu, F. Liu, Y. Liu, Q. Tan, G. Wu, ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 1216; b) Y. Hao, Y. Kang, H. Kang, H. Xin, F. Liu, L. Li, W. Wang, Z. Lei, J. Power Sources 2022, 524, 231076.
- 69a) J. Tan, T. Thomas, J. Liu, L. Yang, L. Pan, R. Cao, H. Shen, J. Wang, J. Liu, M. Yang, Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 395, 125151; b) C. Chen, S. Zhou, J. Xia, L. Li, X. Qian, F. Yin, G. He, H. Chen, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2024, 653, 551; c) H. Sun, M. Zhao, C. Ma, W. Chen, Y. Yang, Y. Han, Nano Res. 2023, 16, 4980.
- 70T. Gu, D. Zhang, Y. Yang, C. Peng, D. Xue, C. Zhi, M. Zhu, J. Liu, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2212299.
- 71a) Z. Chen, S. Zhang, J. Zhao, H. Zhang, J. Wang, Q. Dong, W. Zhang, X. Han, W. Hu, Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 462, 142030; b) Y. Tan, Z. Zhang, Z. Lei, W. Wu, W. Zhu, N. Cheng, S. Mu, J. Power Sources 2020, 473, 228570.
- 72Y. Xu, P. Deng, G. Chen, J. Chen, Y. Yan, K. Qi, H. Liu, B. Y. Xia, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1906081.
- 73L. Yan, Z. Xu, W. Hu, J. Ning, Y. Zhong, Y. Hu, Nano Energy 2021, 82, 105710.
- 74S. S. Shinde, C. H. Lee, J. Y. Jung, N. K. Wagh, S. H. Kim, D. H. Kim, C. Lin, S. U. Lee, J. H. Lee, Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 727.
- 75N. Xu, J. A. Wilson, Y. D. Wang, T. Su, Y. Wei, J. Qiao, X. D. Zhou, Y. Zhang, S. Sun, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2020, 272, 118953.
- 76X. Yang, Z. Zhou, Y. Zou, J. Kuang, D. Ye, S. Zhang, Q. Gao, S. Yang, X. Cai, Y. Fang, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2023, 325, 122332.
- 77Y. Jiang, Y. P. Deng, R. Liang, J. Fu, D. Luo, G. Liu, J. Li, Z. Zhang, Y. Hu, Z. Chen, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1900911.
- 78T. Liu, S. Zhao, Y. Wang, J. Yu, Y. Dai, J. Wang, X. Sun, K. Liu, M. Ni, Small 2022, 18, 2105887.
- 79M. Wu, G. Zhang, N. Chen, W. Chen, J. Qiao, S. Sun, Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 24, 272.
- 80a) W. W. Tian, J. T. Ren, Z. Y. Yuan, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2022, 317, 121764; b) Q. Xu, H. Jiang, Y. Li, D. Liang, Y. Hu, C. Li, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2019, 256, 117893; c) Q. Liu, X. Liu, Y. Xie, F. Sun, Z. Liang, L. Wang, H. Fu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 21189; d) Z. Zhao, Z. Yuan, Z. Fang, J. Jian, J. Li, M. Yang, C. Mo, Y. Zhang, X. Hu, P. Li, S. Wang, W. Hong, Z. Zheng, G. Ouyang, X. Chen, D. Yu, Adv. Sci. 2018, 5, 1800760.
- 81a) X. Zhang, P. Yu, G. Xing, Y. Xie, X. Zhang, G. Zhang, F. Sun, L. Wang, Small 2022, 18, 2205228; b) X. Chen, Z. Yan, M. Yu, H. Sun, F. Liu, Q. Zhang, F. Cheng, J. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7, 24868; c) Y. Chen, W. Zhang, Z. Zhu, L. Zhang, J. Yang, H. Chen, B. Zheng, S. Li, W. Zhang, J. Wu, F. Huo, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 7184; d) J. Yan, Z. Tang, B. Li, D. Bi, Q. Lai, Y. Liang, ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2019, 7, 17817.
- 82a) Y. Han, H. Duan, C. Zhou, H. Meng, Q. Jiang, B. Wang, W. Yan, R. Zhang, Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 2497; b) Y. Yan, Y. Xu, B. Zhao, Y. Xu, Y. Gao, G. Chen, W. Wang, B. Y. Xia, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 5070; c) S. Zeng, X. Tong, S. Zhou, B. Lv, J. Qiao, Y. Song, M. Chen, J. Di, Q. Li, Small 2018, 14, 1803409; d) Y. Meng, Y. M. Zhao, J. C. Li, C. Shi, L. Zhang, P. X. Hou, C. Liu, H. M. Cheng, NPG Asia Mater 2023, 15, 14.
- 83a) Q. Jin, L. Xiao, W. He, H. Cui, C. Wang, Green Energy Environ. 2023, 8, 1644; b) Y. Niu, X. Teng, S. Gong, Z. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 13725; c) L. Liu, X. Zhang, F. Yan, B. Geng, C. Zhu, Y. Chen, J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 18162; d) X. Shi, J. Du, L. Jia, Y. Gong, J. Jin, H. Wang, R. Wang, L. Zhao, B. He, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 26766.
- 84Y. Rao, W. Li, S. Chen, Q. Yue, Y. Zhang, Y. Kang, Small 2022, 18, 2104411.
- 85Y. Wang, A. Li, C. Cheng, Small 2021, 17, 2101720.
- 86F. Yang, X. Liu, H. Zhang, J. Zhou, J. Jiang, X. Lu, Energy Storage Mater. 2020, 30, 138.
- 87K. Kordek, L. Jiang, K. Fan, Z. Zhu, L. Xu, M. Al-Mamun, Y. Dou, S. Chen, P. Liu, H. Yin, P. Rutkowski, H. Zhao, Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1802936.
- 88Z. Pei, Z. Yuan, C. Wang, S. Zhao, J. Fei, L. Wei, J. Chen, C. Wang, R. Qi, Z. Liu, Y. Chen, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit. 2020, 59, 4793.
- 89C. Xia, L. Huang, D. Yan, A. I. Douka, W. Guo, K. Qi, B. Y. Xia, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2105021.
- 90Z. Xu, J. Zhu, J. Shao, Y. Xia, J. Tseng, C. Jiao, G. Ren, P. Liu, G. Li, R. Chen, S. Chen, F. Huang, H. L. Wang, Energy Storage Mater. 2022, 47, 365.
- 91L. Yang, L. Yu, Z. H. Huang, F. Kang, R. Lv, J Energy Chem 2022, 75, 430.
- 92D. Ji, L. Fan, L. Li, S. Peng, D. Yu, J. Song, S. Ramakrishna, S. Guo, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1808267.
- 93Y. Meng, J. C. Li, S. Y. Zhao, C. Shi, X. Q. Li, L. Zhang, P. X. Hou, C. Liu, H. M. Cheng, Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2021, 294, 120239.
- 94B. Lv, S. Zeng, W. Yang, J. Qiao, C. Zhang, C. Zhu, M. Chen, J. Di, Q. Li, J Energy Chem 2019, 38, 170.
- 95Z. Yang, C. Zhao, Y. Qu, H. Zhou, F. Zhou, J. Wang, Y. Wu, Y. Li, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1808043.
- 96K. Wu, L. Zhang, Y. Yuan, L. Zhong, Z. Chen, X. Chi, H. Lu, Z. Chen, R. Zou, T. Li, C. Jiang, Y. Chen, X. Peng, J. Lu, Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2002292.
- 97P. Yu, L. Wang, F. Sun, Y. Xie, X. Liu, J. Ma, X. Wang, C. Tian, J. Li, H. Fu, Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1901666.
- 98M. Luo, W. Sun, B. B. Xu, H. Pan, Y. Jiang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2021, 11, 2002762.
- 99X. J. Zhuang, Y. T. Zhou, Z. Q. Jiang, X. Z. Yao, X. Y. Yu, J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 26669.
- 100a) N. K. Wagh, D. H. Kim, C. H. Lee, S. H. Kim, H. D. Um, J. S. I. Kwon, S. S. Shinde, S. U. Lee, J. H. Lee, Nanoscale Horiz. 2023, 8, 921; b) T. T. Hu, Z. Q. Jiang, Z. A. Fu, Z. J. Jiang, J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 8739.
- 101a) H. Mao, X. Liu, S. Wu, Y. Fu, G. Liu, G. Zhou, L. Wang, Nano Res. 2023, 16, 2519; b) Z. Zhang, X. Liang, J. Li, J. Qian, Y. Liu, S. Yang, Y. Wang, D. Gao, D. Xue, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 21661.
- 102Y. Tian, L. Xu, M. Li, D. Yuan, X. Liu, J. Qian, Y. Dou, J. Qiu, S. Zhang, Nano-Micro Lett. 2020, 13, 3.
- 103Q. Zhou, S. Zhang, G. Zhou, H. Pang, M. Zhang, L. Xu, K. Sun, Y. Tang, K. Huang, Small 2023, 19, 2301324.
- 104Y. Niu, X. Teng, S. Gong, M. Xu, S. G. Sun, Z. Chen, Nano-Micro Lett. 2021, 13, 126.
- 105a) F. Zhang, X. Liu, Y. Chen, M. Tian, T. Yang, J. Zhang, S. Gao, Chin. Chem. Lett. 2023, 34, 108142; b) C. Du, Y. Gao, J. Wang, W. Chen, J. Mater. Chem.A 2020, 8, 9981; c) Y. Liu, Z. Chen, N. Zhao, G. Tong, Z. Li, B. Wang, Y. Du, Q. Pan, Z. Li, Y. Xie, Y. Yang, Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 433, 134469.
- 106K. N. Dinh, Z. Pei, Z. Yuan, V. C. Hoang, L. Wei, Q. Huang, X. Liao, C. Liu, Y. Chen, Q. Yan, J. Mater. Chem.A 2020, 8, 7297.
- 107Y. Liu, Z. Chen, Z. Li, N. Zhao, Y. Xie, Y. Du, J. Xuan, D. Xiong, J. Zhou, L. Cai, Y. Yang, Nano Energy 2022, 99, 107325.
- 108Z. Zhang, T. Wang, W. Wang, X. Wang, X. Luo, C. Cheng, X. Liu, Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2300325.
- 109a) P. Zhu, J. Gao, S. Liu, J. Power Sources 2020, 449, 227512; b) X. Shi, B. He, L. Zhao, Y. Gong, R. Wang, H. Wang, J. Power Sources 2021, 482, 228955; c) B. He, Y. Deng, H. Wang, R. Wang, J. Jin, Y. Gong, L. Zhao, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2022, 625, 502.
- 110Y. Zhu, Z. Zhang, Z. Lei, Y. Tan, W. Wu, S. Mu, N. Cheng, Carbon 2020, 167, 188.
- 111X. Chen, J. Pu, X. Hu, Y. Yao, Y. Dou, J. Jiang, W. Zhang, Small 2022, 18, 2200578.
- 112H. F. Wang, C. Tang, B. Wang, B. Q. Li, X. Cui, Q. Zhang, Energy Storage Mater. 2018, 15, 124.
- 113C. Hang, J. Zhang, J. Zhu, W. Li, Z. Kou, Y. Huang, Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8, 1703539.
- 114a) Y. Zhang, B. Ouyang, G. Long, H. Tan, Z. Wang, Z. Zhang, W. Gao, R. S. Rawat, H. J. Fan, Sci China Chem 2020, 63, 890; b) X. Guo, X. Hu, D. Wu, C. Jing, W. Liu, Z. Ren, Q. Zhao, X. Jiang, C. Xu, Y. Zhang, N. Hu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11, 21506; c) H. Zhang, T. Wang, A. Sumboja, W. Zang, J. Xie, D. Gao, S. J. Pennycook, Z. Liu, C. Guan, J. Wang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1804846.
- 115C. Guan, A. Sumboja, W. Zang, Y. Qian, H. Zhang, X. Liu, Z. Liu, D. Zhao, S. J. Pennycook, J. Wang, Energy Storage Mater. 2019, 16, 243.
- 116J. Kuang, Y. Shen, Y. Zhang, J. Yao, J. Du, S. Yang, S. Zhang, Y. Fang, X. Cai, Small 2023, 19, 2207413.
- 117J. Song, Y. Chen, H. Huang, J. Wang, S. C. Huang, Y. F. Liao, A. E. Fetohi, F. Hu, H. Chen, L. Li, X. Han, K. M. El-Khatib, S. Peng, Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2104522.