Living with wildlife and associated conflicts in areas adjacent to protected areas, Northern Zimbabwe
津巴布韦北部毗邻保护区地区人兽共存及相关冲突的研究
Editor-in-Chief & Handling Editor: Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz.
Abstract
enHuman–wildlife conflicts (HWCs) are a worldwide problem, especially around protected areas where human and wildlife needs overlap. This study focused on the Chundu communal area and the Nyamakate resettlement area in Northern Zimbabwe, with three primary objectives: (i) to identify problematic wildlife species frequently involved in HWC in these areas; (ii) to examine the temporal variations of HWC cases; and (iii) to assess the effectiveness of current and suggested mitigation measures for managing these conflicts. Data were collected in November 2019 and February 2020, periods identified as peak times for HWC in these areas. A comprehensive three-stage sampling design was used to collect data for this study. Data were collected through household questionnaires from 16 villages (64 households) in the Nyamakate resettlement area and nine villages (36 households) from the Chundu communal area. The study identified the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) as the most problematic animal in livestock predation, followed by the African lion (Panthera leo) and leopard (Panthera pardus). There were no significant differences in HWC between the dry season (M = 315, SD = 417.79) and the wet season (M = 383, SD = 540.19; t[4] = −0.43, p > 0.05). The study concluded that HWC occurred throughout the year in both communities, unaffected by seasonal variations. It was determined that current mitigation measures are inadequate for managing HWC in both areas. In light of these findings, the study recommends the use of nonlethal methods in HWC management, reserving lethal means as a last resort.
摘要
zh人兽冲突（HWC）被认为是一个世界性问题，尤其是在人类与野生动物需求重叠的保护区周围。这项研究的目标是 (i) 调查 Chundu公共社区和Nyamakate 重新安置区涉及人兽冲突的问题物种；(ii) 调查Chundu公共社区Nyamakate重新安置区人兽冲突案例的时间变化；(iii) 评估 Chundu公共社区和Nyamakate重新安置区现行及建议的冲突管理缓解措施。数据采集于2019 年11月和2020年2月人兽冲突高峰期。采用了三阶段抽样设计，对Nyamakate安置区的16个村庄（64户）和Chundu公共社区的9个村庄（36户）进行了住户问卷调查。研究发现，斑鬣狗（Crocuta crocuta）是捕食牲畜方面最棘手的动物，其次是非洲狮（Panthera leo）和豹（Panthera pardus）。旱季（M = 315，SD = 417.79）和雨季（M = 383，SD = 540.19）之间的人兽冲突没有明显差异（t[4] = −0.43，p > 0.05）。研究得出的结论是，这两个社区全年都会出现人兽冲突，而且人兽冲突不受季节变化的影响。研究确定，当前的缓解措施在两个社区中都不起作用。研究建议使用非致命手段管理人兽冲突，并将致命手段作为最后选项。【审阅:谷昊】
Abstract
snGakava pakati pemhuka nevanhu rinoonekwa sedambudziko guru repasi rose, kunyanya nzvimbo dzakapotedza nzvimbo ndzakachengetedzwa uko vanhu vanosangana nemhuka mukurarama kwavo. Zvinangwa zvetsvakurudzo iyi zvaiva: (i) kuongorora mhuka dzesango dzine dambudziko pagakava remhuka nevanhu munzvimbo inogara veruzhinji yeChundu nenzvimbo yakagariswa vanhu patsva yeNyamakate, (ii) kuongorora musiyano wemakakava pakati pemhuka dzesango nevanhu mumwaka yakasiyana munharaunda yeChundu nenzvimbo yakagariswa vanhu yeNyamakate, uye (iii) ongorora matanho aripo uye akakurudzirwa ekuderedza matambudziko emakakava pakati pemhuka dzesango nevanhu munharaunda yeChundu nenzvimbo yakagariswa vanhu patsva yeNyamakate. Ruzivo rwezvemakakatanwa pakati pevanhu nenhuka rwakaunganidzwa mungova inokwira makakatanwa aya muna Mbudzi 2019 naKukadzi 2020. Mibvunzo yakabvunzwa kumisha gumi nenhanhatu uye kumhuri makumi matanhatu nemana. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti bere remakwapa ndiro rainyanya kunetsa mukudyiwa nezvipfuyo richiteverwa neshumba nembada. Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza kuti makakava pakati pemhuka dzesango nevanhu anoitika gore rose zvisineyi nekusiyana kwemwaka uye matanho ekudzikisa makakava aya haasi kunyatso shanda. Ongororo inokurudzira kushandisa dzimwe nzira dzisiri dzekuuraya mhuka pakupedza matambudziko aya.
Plain language summary
enHuman–wildlife conflicts (HWCs) have been widely documented in both protected and nonprotected areas, with heightened incidents adjacent to protected areas often associated with socioeconomic challenges. The main drivers of these conflicts are human encroachment into protected areas, triggered by human and wildlife population increases, and the expansion of wildlife territories into human settlement areas. The primary forms of HWC include crop raids, livestock predation, property destruction, human injuries and fatalities. The study revealed that the spotted hyena is the predominant species involved in livestock predation, followed by the African lion and African leopard. HWCs vary across different villages and occur throughout the year, unaffected by seasonal variations. Local communities employ several methods to manage HWC and also suggest other ways to address problem animals. HWC management and mitigation are complex, requiring a mixture of approaches. These include the establishment of wildlife barriers, property protection, traditional methods and removal of the specific problem species. The study recommends the adoption of nonlethal approaches in HWC management, only turning to lethal means as a last resort.
通俗语言摘要
zh人兽冲突（HWC）在保护区和非保护区都有广泛的记录。在靠近保护区的地区，人兽冲突现象较为严重，主要与社会和经济挑战相关。人类对保护区的侵入是人兽冲突的主要驱动因素，这是由于人口增加和野生动物数量增加，以及野生动物领地扩展到人类定居区域所导致的。主要的人兽冲突类型包括农作物盗食、牲畜捕食、财产破坏、人员伤亡。研究表明，斑鬣狗是牲畜捕食中最为棘手的动物，其次是非洲狮和非洲豹。人兽冲突在各个村庄间存在差异，全年发生不受季节变化的影响。社区采用了多种方法来管理人兽冲突，并提出了其他可以帮助管理问题动物的手段。管理和缓解人兽冲突是复杂的，需要采用多种方法来管理冲突，包括建立野生动物屏障、财产保护、传统方法以及移除特定问题动物。研究建议采用非致命手段来管理人兽冲突，并将致命手段作为最后的选项。
Plain Language Summary
snMakakava emhuka dzesango nevanhu yakanyorwa zvakanyanya munzvimbo dzese dzakachengetedzwa uye dzisina kuchengetedzwa. Makakava emhuka dzesango nevanhu akakwirira munzvimbo dziri padyo nenzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa uye anonyanyo konzerwa nematambudziko emagariro evanhu nemamiriro ehupfumi. Zvinonyanya kupesvedzera makakava emhuka dzesango nevanhu kupinda kwevanhu munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa kunokonzerwa nekuwedzera kwevanhu uye kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemhuka dzesango pamwe nekuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzinogara mhuka dzesango munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu. Mhando huru dzemakakava emhuka dzesango nevanhu dzinosanganisira kupambwa kwezvirimwa, kupambwa kwezvipfuyo, kuparadza midziyo, kukuvara kwevanhu uye kuuraya. Ongororo iyi yakaratidza kuti bere remakwapa ndiyo mhuka yanetsa pazvipfuyo zvikuru ichiteverwa neshumba nembada. Makakava emhuka dzesango nevanhu akasiyana kubva kune mumwe musha kuenda kune mumwe uye makakava aya akaitika gore rose zvisineyi nekusiyana kwemwaka yegore. Nharaunda dzakashandisa nzira dzinoverengeka kuderedza makakava pakati pemhuka dzesango nevanhu uye vakakurudzira dzimwe nzira dzinogona kubatsira kubata mhuka dzine dambudziko. Kugadziriswa nekudzikiswa kwemakakava emhuka dzesango nevanhu kwakaoma uye kunoda musanganiswa wenzira dzekugadzirisa kusawirirana, kusanganisira kumisikidzwa kwezvipingamupinyi zvemhuka dzesango, kuchengetedza pfuma, nzira dzechinyakare uye kubviswa kwemhuka dzacho dzinokonzera matambudziko. Chidzidzo ichi chinokurudzira kutorwa kwenzira dzinosanganisira dzisingaurayi mhuka uye dzinouraya mhuka mukuderedza makakava emhuka dzesango nevanhu.
Practitioner points
en
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Livestock depredation occurs in both communal and protected areas. Communities must securely house their livestock in kraals and prevent them from straying into protected areas.
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There is a noticeable increase in livestock depredation during the dry season, while crop raids tend to escalate in the wet season. Communities should exercise heightened vigilance over their livestock in the dry season to minimise losses. Similarly, during the wet season, enhanced control measures are recommended to manage crop raiders.
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Various methods have been adopted to manage human–wildlife conflicts. It is essential to select the appropriate method for each specific type of problem animal, ensuring effective management and maintaining safety in encounters with potentially dangerous wildlife.
实践者要点
zh
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在社区地区和保护区都会发生牲畜捕食事件，社区必须确保牲畜在畜栏中的安全，并防止牲畜误入保护区。
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旱季牲畜被捕食的情况显著；雨季农作物盗食高发。社区应努力在旱季照顾好牲畜，尽量减少牲畜损失；在雨季应对盗食作物的动物采取更多管控措施。
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虽然不同的方法被用于管理人兽冲突，但针对问题动物必须使用正确的方法，并保证在处理危险野生动物时的安全。
Practitioner Points
sn
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Kuparara kwezvipfuyo kunoitika munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu pamwe nenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa uye nharaunda dzinofanirwa kuchengetedza zvipfuyo zvavo mumatanga uye kudzivirira zvipfuyo zvinenge zvarasika kuti zvipinde munzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa.
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Kuparara kwezvipfuyo kwakanyanya mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura uye mbesa dzakawanda munguva yekunaya kwemvura uye vagari vemunharaunda vanofanira kuedza kuchengetedza zvipfuyo zvavo mumwaka wechirimo kuitira kuderedza kurasikirwa kwezvipfuyo uye munguva yekunaya kwemvura, panofanirwa kuiswa matanho ekudzivirira hudyi hwemhuka dzesango.
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Nzira dzakasiyana dzakagamuchirwa kuti dzitarisire kuderedza makakava emhuka dzesango nevanhu, zvisinei, nzira yakarurama inofanira kushandiswa kumhuka ine dambudziko uye kuona kuchengeteka mukubata mhuka dzesango dzine ngozi.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data are available on request from the authors.
