Climate sensitivity of water use by riparian woodlands at landscape scales
Corresponding Author
Marc Mayes
Earth Research Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
Correspondence
Marc Mayes, Earth Research Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorKelly K. Caylor
Earth Research Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
Department of Geography, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Bliss Singer
Earth Research Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Water Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJohn C. Stella
Department of Sustainable Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDar Roberts
Department of Sustainable Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPamela Nagler
U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Marc Mayes
Earth Research Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
Correspondence
Marc Mayes, Earth Research Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorKelly K. Caylor
Earth Research Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
Department of Geography, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
Search for more papers by this authorMichael Bliss Singer
Earth Research Institute, University of California-Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Water Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Search for more papers by this authorJohn C. Stella
Department of Sustainable Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDar Roberts
Department of Sustainable Resources Management, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPamela Nagler
U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Search for more papers by this authorFunding information: National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Numbers: BCS-1660490, EAR-1700517, EAR-1700555; Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Grant/Award Number: RC18-1006
Abstract
Semi-arid riparian woodlands face threats from increasing extractive water demand and climate change in dryland landscapes worldwide. Improved landscape-scale understanding of riparian woodland water use (evapotranspiration, ET) and its sensitivity to climate variables is needed to strategically manage water resources, as well as to create successful ecosystem conservation and restoration plans for potential climate futures. In this work, we assess the spatial and temporal variability of Cottonwood (Populus fremontii)-Willow (Salix gooddingii) riparian gallery woodland ET and its relationships to vegetation structure and climate variables for 80 km of the San Pedro River corridor in southeastern Arizona, USA, between 2014 and 2019. We use a novel combination of publicly available remote sensing, climate and hydrological datasets: cloud-based Landsat thermal remote sensing data products for ET (Google Earth Engine EEFlux), Landsat multispectral imagery and field data-based calibrations to vegetation structure (leaf-area index, LAI), and open-source climate and hydrological data. We show that at landscape scales, daily ET rates (6–10 mm day−1) and growing season ET totals (400–1,400 mm) matched rates of published field data, and modelled reach-scale average LAI (0.80–1.70) matched lower ranges of published field data. Over 6 years, the spatial variability of total growing season ET (CV = 0.18) exceeded that of temporal variability (CV = 0.10), indicating the importance of reach-scale vegetation and hydrological conditions for controlling ET dynamics. Responses of ET to climate differed between perennial and intermittent-flow stream reaches. At perennial-flow reaches, ET correlated significantly with temperature, whilst at intermittent-flow sites ET correlated significantly with rainfall and stream discharge. Amongst reaches studied in detail, we found positive but differing logarithmic relationships between LAI and ET. By documenting patterns of high spatial variability of ET at basin scales, these results underscore the importance of accurately accounting for differences in woodland vegetation structure and hydrological conditions for assessing water-use requirements. Results also suggest that the climate sensitivity of ET may be used as a remote indicator of subsurface water resources relative to vegetation demand, and an indicator for informing conservation management priorities.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data sources for this study are publicly available and data used for analyses are available from the authors upon request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| hyp13942-sup-0001-FIGURE S1.docxWord 2007 document , 58.7 KB | FIGURE S1 Relationships between discharge and groundwater for San Pedro River stream-sites by hydrologic seasons, 1990s-2019 |
| hyp13942-sup-0002-FIGURE S2.docxWord 2007 document , 201.4 KB | FIGURE S2 Rainfall data for USDA-ARS local rainfall gauges near stream-sites alongside the Tombstone NOAA-COOP regional NCDC climate station data |
| hyp13942-sup-0003-FIGURE S3.docxWord 2007 document , 307.9 KB | FIGURE S3 Monthly temperature data 2014–2019, NOAA-COOP Climate Data Station, Tombstone, AZ |
| hyp13942-sup-0004-FIGURE S4.docxWord 2007 document , 166.8 KB | FIGURE S4 Relationships between Landsat-8 NDVI (x) and Landsat-7-scaled NDVI values (y) for overstory riparian woodland stand polygons |
| hyp13942-sup-0005-FIGURE S5.docxWord 2007 document , 128 KB | FIGURE S5 Interannual NDVI trends across sites, complementing interannual trends in LAI in Figure 5b |
| hyp13942-sup-0006-FIGURE S6.docxWord 2007 document , 284.4 KB | FIGURE S6 ET-NDVI relationships across San Pedro River stream-sites, complementing ET-LAI relationships presented in Figure 6 |
| hyp13942-sup-0007-FIGURE S7.docxWord 2007 document , 112.3 KB | FIGURE S7 Comparison of EEFlux Landsat-METRIC surface energy-balance modelled daily ET rates, and daily ET rates computed from flux-tower latent heat flux data at a mesquite woodland site near the Charleston stream-site (Scott et al., 2004) |
| hyp13942-sup-0008-TABLE S1.docxWord 2007 document , 14.8 KB | TABLE S1 Streamflow and groundwater elevation data used for San Pedro River stream sites |
| hyp13942-sup-0009-TABLE S2.docxWord 2007 document , 14.1 KB | TABLE S2 Landsat-8 METRIC Model Actual Evapotranspiration (ETa) image data used in the present study |
| hyp13942-sup-00010-TABLE S3.docxWord 2007 document , 13.2 KB | TABLE S3 Landsat 8 and Landsat 7 images acquired over the San Pedro River Corridor (path 035 row 038) for NDVI and LAI modelling |
| hyp13942-sup-00011-TABLE S4.docxWord 2007 document , 18.2 KB | TABLE S4 Seasonally-summarized precipitation data compared to 60-year means (1960–2020) for the Tombstone-NOAA COOP climate station |
| hyp13942-sup-00012-TABLE S5.docxWord 2007 document , 14.7 KB | TABLE S5 Linear relationships derived to scale Landsat 8 (x) to Landsat 7 (y) reflectance in red and near-infrared bands |
| hyp13942-sup-00013-TABLE S6.docxWord 2007 document , 18.7 KB | TABLE S6 Averaged LAI estimates over 2014–2019 for San Pedro River gallery woodland polygons by stream-site |
| hyp13942-sup-00014-TABLE S7.docxWord 2007 document , 15.9 KB | TABLE S7 Comparison of natural logarithm and linear models for total growing season evapotranspiration (ET) as a function of leaf-area index (LAI) for cottonwood-willow dominated riparian woodlands at stream sites across the San Pedro River corridor Appendix S1: Remote sensing methods for scaling Landsat 8-NDVI to Landsat 7-NDVI and modelling riparian woodland leaf-area index (LAI) Appendix S2: Mixed-Effect ANOVA models assessing effects of stream-site and year on ET, LAI and NDVI |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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