Modeling, state of charge estimation, and charging of lithium-ion battery in electric vehicle: A review

Extension of driving range and battery run time optimization are necessary key points in the modeling of Electric Vehicle (EV). In this view, Battery Management System (BMS) plays a major role to ensure a safe and trustworthy battery operation, especially when using Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries in an electric vehicle. Key function of BMS is State of Charge (SoC) estimation. A well-parameterized battery model is required for accurate state estimation. Consequently, the major factors to be considered in battery modeling are the SoC estimation and charging methodology of an effective BMS development. By focusing on these features, in this paper, the well-known battery models such as the electrochemical model, equivalent circuit model, and data-driven model are comprehensively reviewed along with their strengths and weaknesses. Further, the SoC estimation of a battery is also discussed by using standard methodologies such as direct estimation methods and model-based estimation methods. The comparisons of the three most distinct battery models and the classification of SoC estimation techniques to develop a proper BMS for EV with the focus on accuracy, configuration effort, computational complexity, ease of implementation, and real-time applications are systematically reviewed. In addition to this, convenient battery charging approaches with the consideration of some constraints such as charging time, charging efficiency, state of charge, state of health, charging voltage threshold, capacity fade, power fade, aging effect, capacity utilization, impedance rise, and temperature rise of the battery in EV are presented. Finally, the perspectives of the existing work and the recommended future research work of BMS are summarized.