Programmable Analytical Feature of Ratiometric Electrochemical Biosensor by Alternating the Binding Site of Ferrocene to DNA Duplex for the Detection of Aflatoxin B1†
Dong Liu
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorFan Jia
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorYa Wei
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuye Li
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorShuyun Meng
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Tianyan You
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDong Liu
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorFan Jia
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorYa Wei
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorYuye Li
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorShuyun Meng
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Tianyan You
Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 China
E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorDedicated to Professor Erkang Wang on the Occasion of His 90th Birthday.
Comprehensive Summary
Ratiometric biosensor is among the promising strategies for the advanced analysis; its applicability in multiple scenarios, however, is seriously limited for the fixed analytical feature. Here, we reported ratiometric electrochemical biosensors with programmable analytical feature by alternating the binding site of ferrocene (Fc) to DNA duplex for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). DNA duplex was synthesized with AFB1 aptamer and its complementary DNA (cDNA) with Fc molecular tagged on aptamer or cDNA. For analysis, aptamer-AFB1 complex stripped from the electrode, and free cDNA triggered hybridization chain reaction to produce double-stranded DNA for methylene blue (MB) absorption. In this way, redox currents of Fc (IFc) and absorbed MB (IMB) at the electrode were collected to produce the ratiometric signal of IMB/IFc as a yardstick for AFB1. When Fc was tagged on aptamer, IFc decreased with higher concentration of AFB1 (cAFB1), the resultant biosensor allowed detection with an On/Off (IMB/IFc) mode; when Fc was tagged on cDNA, IFc kept constant as cAFB1 varying, offering an On/Constant (IMB/IFc) mode for the detection. Consequently, biosensor with On/Off mode showed a linear range of 0.1—100 pg/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0650 pg/mL, while biosensor with On/Constant mode offered a wider linear rang of 1—10000 pg/mL but a relatively poor LOD of 0.330 pg/mL. Our work revealed the vital importance of binding site of probes to DNA, and this principle can endow ratiometric biosensor with programmable analytical feature (e.g., linear range, LOD), allowing detections in various scenarios.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| cjoc202200155-sup-0001-Supinfo.pdfPDF document, 354.2 KB |
Appendix S1 Supporting Information |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
References
- 1 Rodriguez, R. S.; O'Keefe, T. L.; Froehlich, C.; Lewis, R. E.; Sheldon, T. R.; Haynes, C. L. Sensing Food Contaminants: Advances in Analytical Methods and Techniques. Anal. Chem. 2021, 93, 23–40.
- 2 Wei, M.; Wang, C. L.; Xu, E. S.; Chen, J.; Xu, X. L.; Wei, W.; Liu, S. Q. A Simple and Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Aptasensor for Determination of Ochratoxin A Based on A Nicking Endonuclease-powered DNA Walking Machine. Food Chem. 2019, 282, 141–146.
- 3 World Health Organization (WHO) Aflatoxins. Food safety digest, Department of food safety and zoonoses, Ref. No.: WHO/NHM/FOS/ RAM/18.1 (2018).
- 4 Fouché, T.; Claassens, S.; Maboeta, M. Aflatoxins in the Soil Ecosystem: An Overview of Its Occurrence, Fate, Effects and Future Perspectives. Mycotoxin Res. 2020, 36, 303–309.
- 5 Yang, B. L.; Zhang, C. X.; Zhang, X. J.; Wang, G.; Li, L.; Geng, H. R.; Liu, Y.; Nie, C. R. Survey of Aflatoxin B1 and Heavy Metal Contamination in Peanut and Peanut Soil in China During 2017–2018. Food Control 2020, 118, 107372.
- 6 Liu, D.; Li, W. J.; Zhu, C. X.; Li, Y. Y.; Shen, X. L.; Li, L. B.; Yan, X. H.; You, T. Y. Recent Progress on Electrochemical Biosensing of Aflatoxins: A Review. Trac-Trend Anal. Chem. 2020, 133, 115966.
- 7 Ma, S.; Pan, L. G.; You, T. Y.; Wang, K. g-C3N4/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites as Adsorbents Analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS for Highly Sensitive Simultaneous Determination of 27 Mycotoxins in Maize: Aiming at Increasing Purification Efficiency and Reducing Time. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2021, 69, 4874–4882.
- 8 Alshannaq, A.; Yu, J. H. Occurrence, Toxicity, and Analysis of Major Mycotoxins in Food. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 632.
- 9 Li, S. Q.; Zhong, X. Y.; Xu, Y. N.; Zheng, Y. Q.; Shi, X. N.; Li, F.; Guo, S. B.; Yang, J. M. Smartphone-based Reading System Integrated with Phycocyanin-enhanced Latex Nanospheres Immunoassay for On-site determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Foodstuffs. Food Chem. 2021, 360, 130019.
- 10 Yang, X. S.; Shi, D. M.; Zhu, S. M.; Wang, B. J.; Zhang, X. J.; Wang, G. F. Portable Aptasensor of Aflatoxin B1 in Bread Based on a Personal Glucose Meter and DNA Walking Machine. ACS Sens. 2018, 3, 1368−1375.
- 11 Hassan, M. M.; Zareef, M.; Xu, Y.; Li, H. H.; Chen, Q. S. SERS Based Sensor for Mycotoxins Detection: Challenges and Improvements. Food Chem. 2021, 344, 128652.
- 12 Zhang, B.; Lu, Y.; Yang, C. N.; Guo, Q. F.; Nie, G. M. Simple “Signal-on” Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor for Ultrasensitive Detecting AFB1 Based on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide/poly(5-formylindole)/Au Nanocomposites, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2019, 134, 42–48.
- 13 Wu, S. S.; Wei, M.; Wei, W.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S. Q. Electrochemical Aptasensor for Aflatoxin B1 Based on Smart Host-Guest Recognition of β-cyclodextrin Polymer. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2019, 129, 58–63.
- 14 Rahimi, F.; Roshanfekr, H.; Peyman, H. Ultra-sensitive Electrochemical Aptasensor for Label-free Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Wheat Flour Sample Using Factorial Design Experiments. Food Chem. 2021, 343, 128436.
- 15 Yang, T.; Yu, R. Z.; Yan, Y. H.; Zeng, H.; Luo, S. Z.; Liu, N. Z.; Morrin, A.; Luo, X. L.; Li, W. H. A Review of Ratiometric Electrochemical Sensors: From Design Schemes to Future Prospects. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 2018, 274, 501–516.
- 16 Du, Y.; Lim, B. J.; Li, B. L.; Jiang, Y. S.; Sessler, J. L.; Ellington, A. D. Reagentless, Ratiometric Electrochemical DNA Sensors with Improved Robustness and Reproducibility. Anal. Chem. 2014, 86, 8010−8016.
- 17 Wu, L.; Ding, F.; Yin, W. M.; Ma, J.; Wang, B. R.; Nie, A. X.; Han, H. Y. From Electrochemistry to Electroluminescence: Development and Application in A Ratiometric Aptasensor for Aflatoxin B1. Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 7578−7585.
- 18 Li, Y. Y.; Liu, D.; Meng, S. Y.; Chen, T.; Liu, C.; You, T. Y. Dual-ratiometric Electrochemical Aptasensor Enabled by Programmable Dynamic Range: Application for Threshold-based Detection of Aflatoxin B1. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2022, 195, 113634.
- 19 Liu, D.; Meng, S. Y.; Shen, X. L.; Li, Y. Y.; Yan, X. H.; You, T. Y. Dual-ratiometric Aptasensor for Streptomycin Detection Based on the In-situ Coupling of Photoelectrochemical and Electrochemical Assay with a Bifunctional Probe of Methylene Blue. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 2021, 332, 129529.
- 20 Li, Y. Y.; Liu, D.; Zhu, C. X.; Wang, M.; Liu, Y.; You, T. Y. A Ratiometry-induced Successive Reusable Electrochemical Aptasensing Platform: Efficient Monitoring of Aflatoxin B1 in Peanut. Sens. Actuat. B: Chem. 2021, 336, 129021.
- 21 Zhu, C. X.; Liu, D.; Li, Y. Y.; Ma, S.; Wang, M.; You, T. Y. Hairpin DNA Assisted Dual-ratiometric Electrochemical Aptasensor with High Reliability and Anti-interference Ability for Simultaneous Detection of Aflatoxin B1 and Ochratoxin A. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2021, 174, 112654.
- 22Commission of the European Communities. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006 of 23 February 2006 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union 2006, L70, 12–34.
- 23 Dohlman, E. Mycotoxin hazards and regulations: Impacts on food and animal feed crop trade. In International Rrade and Food Safety: Economic Theory and Case Studies, Agricultural Economic Report, Ed.: Buzby, J., USDA, Washington DC, USA, 2003, pp. 97–108.
- 24 Mazumder, P. M.; Sasmal, D. Mycotoxins-limits and Regulations. Anc. Sci. Life 2001, 20, 1–19.
- 25 Chen, D. B.; Sun, D. P.; Wang, Z. R.; Qin, W. W.; Chen, L.; Zhou, L. D.; Zhang, Y. Q. A DNA Nanostructured Aptasensor for the Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of HepG2 Cells based on Multibranched Hybridization Chain Reaction Amplification Strategy. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 117, 416–421.
- 26 Shen, H. W.; Deng, W. Q.; He, Y. R.; Li, X. R.; Song, J. L.; Liu, R.; Liu, H.; Yang, G. Y.; Li, L. Ultrasensitive Aptasensor for Isolation and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells based on CeO2@Ir Nanorods and DNA Walker. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2020, 168, 112516.
- 27
Kang, D.; Vallee-Belisle, A.; Porchetta, A.; Plaxco, K. W.; Ricci, F. Re-engineering Electrochemical Biosensors to Narrow or Extend Their Useful Dynamic Range. Angew. Chem. 2012, 124, 6821–6825.
10.1002/ange.201202204 Google Scholar
- 28 Lin, M. H.; Yi, X. Q.; Wan, H.; Zhang, J.; Huang, F. J.; Xia, F. Photoresponsive Electrochemical DNA Biosensors Achieving Various Dynamic Ranges by Using Only-one Capture Probe. Anal. Chem. 2020, 92, 9963−9970.
- 29 Jin, H.; Gui, R. J.; Yu, J. B.; Lv, W.; Wang, Z. H. Fabrication Strategies, Sensing Modes and Analytical Applications of Ratiometric Electrochemical Biosensors. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 91, 523–537.
- 30 Jia, F.; Liu, D.; Dong, N.; Li, Y. Y.; Meng, S. Y.; You, T. Y. Interaction Between the Functionalized Probes: The Depressed Efficiency of Dual-amplification Strategy on Ratiometric Electrochemical Aptasensor for Aflatoxin B1. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2021, 182, 113169.
- 31 Li, Y. Y.; Liu, D.; Zhu, C. X.; Shen, X. L.; Liu, Y.; You, T. Y. Sensitivity Programmable Ratiometric Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Signal Engineering for the Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Peanut. J. Hazard. Mater. 2020, 387, 122001.
- 32 Cui, L.; Lu, M. F.; Li, Y.; Tang, B.; Zhang, C. Y. A Reusable Ratiometric Electrochemical Biosensor on the Basis of the Binding of Methylene Blue to DNA with Alternating AT Base Sequence for Sensitive Detection of Adenosine. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2018, 102, 87–93.
- 33 Zeng, R. J.; Su, L. S.; Luo, Z. B.; Zhang, L. J.; Lu, M. H.; Tang, D. P. Ultrasensitive and Label-free Electrochemical Aptasensor of Kanamycin Coupling with Hybridization Chain Reaction and Strand-displacement Amplification. Anal. Chim. Acta 2018, 1038, 21–28.
- 34 Zhu, C. X.; Liu, M. Y.; Li, X. Y.; Zhang, X. H.; Chen, J. H. A New Electrochemical Aptasensor for Sensitive Assay of a Protein Based on the Dual-signaling Electrochemical Ratiometric Method and DNA Walker Strategy. Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 10359–10362.
- 35 Pellitero, M. A.; Curtis, S. D.; Arroyo-Currás, N. Interrogation of Electrochemical Aptamer-based Sensors via Peak-to-peak Separation in Cyclic Voltammetry Improves the Temporal Stability and Batch-to- batch Variability in Biological Fluids. ACS Sens. 2021, 6, 1199−1207.
- 36 Al-Taher, F.; Banaszewski, K.; Jackson, L.; Jackson, L.; Zweigenbaum, J.; Ryu, D.; Cappozzo, J. Rapid Method for the Determination of Multiple Mycotoxins in Wines and Beers by LC-MS/MS Using a Stable Isotope Dilution Assay. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 2378–2384.
- 37 Giray, B.; Atasayar, S.; Sahin, G. Determination of Ochratoxin A and Total Aflatoxin Levels in Corn Samples from Turkey by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assay. Mycotoxin Res. 2009, 25, 113–116.
- 38 Zhu, W. R.; Li, L. B.; Zhou, Z.; Yang, X. D.; Hao, N.; Guo, Y. S.; Wang, K. A Colorimetric Biosensor for Simultaneous Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxins B1 Detection in Agricultural Products. Food Chem. 2020, 319, 126544.
- 39 Lu, Y.; Zhang, B.; Tian, Y.; Guo, Q. F.; Yang, X. Y.; Nie, G. M. An Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Sensor for Aflatoxin B1 Detection Based on Organic-inorganic Heterojunction Nanomaterial: Poly(5- formylindole)/NiO. Microchim. Acta 2020, 187, 467.
Citing Literature
15 September 2022
Pages 2232-2238
