Influence of annealing-induced phase separation on the shape memory effect of graphene-based thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites
Fernanda Cabrera Flores Valim
Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
Institute for Technological Research (IPT)–Laboratory of Chemical Processes and Particle Technology, Group for Bionanomanufacturing (BIONANO), São Paulo, Brazil
Engineering School, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Data curation (lead), Formal analysis (lead), Investigation (lead), Methodology (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorGustavo Peixoto Oliveira
Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
Contribution: Formal analysis (supporting), Investigation (supporting), Methodology (supporting), Writing - original draft (supporting)
Search for more papers by this authorLucilene Betega de Paiva
Institute for Technological Research (IPT)–Laboratory of Chemical Processes and Particle Technology, Group for Bionanomanufacturing (BIONANO), São Paulo, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Funding acquisition (lead), Methodology (equal), Supervision (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorLeice Gonçalves Amurin
Center of Technology in Nanomaterials (CTNano), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Contribution: Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorChiara Santillo
Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Portici, Italy
Contribution: Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Marino Lavorgna
Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Portici, Italy
Correspondence
Marino Lavorgna, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Portici (NA), Italy.
Email: [email protected]
Ricardo Jorge Espanhol Andrade, Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Data curation (lead), Formal analysis (lead), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ricardo Jorge Espanhol Andrade
Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
Engineering School, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
Correspondence
Marino Lavorgna, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Portici (NA), Italy.
Email: [email protected]
Ricardo Jorge Espanhol Andrade, Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Data curation (lead), Formal analysis (lead), Funding acquisition (lead), Investigation (lead), Methodology (equal), Project administration (lead), Resources (lead), Supervision (lead), Validation (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorFernanda Cabrera Flores Valim
Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
Institute for Technological Research (IPT)–Laboratory of Chemical Processes and Particle Technology, Group for Bionanomanufacturing (BIONANO), São Paulo, Brazil
Engineering School, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Data curation (lead), Formal analysis (lead), Investigation (lead), Methodology (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorGustavo Peixoto Oliveira
Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
Contribution: Formal analysis (supporting), Investigation (supporting), Methodology (supporting), Writing - original draft (supporting)
Search for more papers by this authorLucilene Betega de Paiva
Institute for Technological Research (IPT)–Laboratory of Chemical Processes and Particle Technology, Group for Bionanomanufacturing (BIONANO), São Paulo, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Funding acquisition (lead), Methodology (equal), Supervision (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorLeice Gonçalves Amurin
Center of Technology in Nanomaterials (CTNano), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Contribution: Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorChiara Santillo
Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Portici, Italy
Contribution: Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (equal), Writing - original draft (equal), Writing - review & editing (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Marino Lavorgna
Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Portici, Italy
Correspondence
Marino Lavorgna, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Portici (NA), Italy.
Email: [email protected]
Ricardo Jorge Espanhol Andrade, Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Data curation (lead), Formal analysis (lead), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Ricardo Jorge Espanhol Andrade
Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
Engineering School, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, Brazil
Correspondence
Marino Lavorgna, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy (IPCB-CNR), Portici (NA), Italy.
Email: [email protected]
Ricardo Jorge Espanhol Andrade, Mackgraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization (lead), Data curation (lead), Formal analysis (lead), Funding acquisition (lead), Investigation (lead), Methodology (equal), Project administration (lead), Resources (lead), Supervision (lead), Validation (lead), Writing - original draft (lead), Writing - review & editing (lead)
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a multiblock copolymer that exhibits an attractive shape memory effect (SME). Its morphology consists of a soft segment (SS), which corresponds to the polyol or a long-chain diol, while the hard segment involves the intercalation of a diisocyanate and a chain extender. Due to the distinct thermodynamic parameters of each monomer, these segments are not miscible with each other, resulting in a phase-separated structure in their morphology. This structure is characterized by the formation of soft and hard domains (SD and HD), respectively. When incorporating 0.1 wt% of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) or 0.1 wt% of multilayer graphene oxide (mGO) into the TPU matrix using solution casting process, a contribution to the phase separation of these domains is observed. This phenomenon becomes even more pronounced when graphene-based nanocomposites are subjected to annealing at 110°C for 24 hours, indicating a good interaction between the GO and GNP with the HD and SS, respectively. After annealing, the nanocomposites (TPU + GNP and TPU + mGO) exhibit improved performance in SME, as evidenced by an approximately 9% increase in the shape recovery ratio compared to the nonannealed TPU. Additionally, all nanocomposites maintained a high strain during SME programming, surpassing that of pure TPU, both before and after annealing. This suggests a direct influence of the graphene-based nanoparticles on the shape memory effect.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| app54750-sup-0001-Figures.docxWord 2007 document , 781.4 KB | FIGURE S1. MEV images of agglomerated nanoparticles of TPU + GNP. FIGURE S2. MEV images of agglomerated nanoparticles of TPU + mGO. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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