Integrierte Hybridsysteme aus Nanopartikeln und Biomolekülen: Synthese, Eigenschaften und Anwendungen
Eugenii Katz Dr.
Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Fax: (+972) 2-6527-715
Search for more papers by this authorItamar Willner Prof.
Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Fax: (+972) 2-6527-715
Search for more papers by this authorEugenii Katz Dr.
Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Fax: (+972) 2-6527-715
Search for more papers by this authorItamar Willner Prof.
Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel, Fax: (+972) 2-6527-715
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Metall- oder Halbleiter-Nanopartikel und Nanostäbchen haben ähnliche Dimensionen wie Proteine (Enzyme, Antigene, Antikörper) oder DNA. Die Integration von Nanopartikeln (mit ihren besonderen elektronischen, photonischen und katalytischen Eigenschaften) mit Biomaterialien (mit ihren einzigartigen Erkennungsmechanismen sowie katalytischen und inhibierenden Fähigkeiten) ergibt hybride Nanobiomaterialien mit synergistischen Eigenschaften und Funktionen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt die aktuellsten Entwicklungen bei der Synthese von Hybridsystemen aus Biomolekülen und Nanopartikeln oder Nanostäbchen und deren Anwendung zum Aufbau von geordneten 2D- und 3D-Strukturen in Lösung und auf Oberflächen. Schwerpunkte sind der Einsatz von Biomolekül-Nanopartikel-Konjugaten für die Bioanalytik sowie zur Herstellung bioelektronischer Funktionseinheiten und Nanoleiterbahnen aus Metall, Halbleitern oder magnetischen Materialien.
References
- 1R. Feynman in The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom (Hrsg.: ), Perseus, 1999.
- 2D. Qin, Y. N. Xia, J. A. Rogers, R. J. Jackman, X.-M. Zhao, G. M. Whitesides, Top. Curr. Chem. 1997, 194, 1–20.
- 3D. M. Tennant, K. Feder, K. F. Dreyer, R. P. Gnall, T. L. Koch, U. Koren, B. I. Miller, M. G. Young, Microelectron. Eng. 1995, 27, 427–434.
- 4 Metal Nanoparticles. Synthesis, Characterization and Application (Hrsg.: ), Marcel Dekker, New York, 2002.
- 5
- 5aF. C. Meldrum, J. Flath, W. Knoll, Langmuir 1997, 13, 2033–2049;
- 5bL. Spanhel, H. Weller, A. Fojtik, A. Henglein, Ber. Bunsen-Ges. 1987, 91, 88–94;
- 5cE. Stathatos, P. Lianos, F. Del Monte, D. Levy, D. Tsiourvas, Langmuir 1997, 13, 4295–4300;
- 5dR. Rizza, D. Fitzmaurice, S. Hearne, G. Hughes, G. Spoto, E. Ciliberto, H. Kerp, R. Schropp, Chem. Mater. 1997, 9, 2969–2982;
- 5eD. L. Klein, R. Roth, A. K. L. Lim, A. P. Alivisatos, P. L. McEuen, Nature 1997, 389, 699–701.
- 6
- 6aJ. F. Hicks, D. T. Miles, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13 322–13 328;
- 6bJ. F. Hicks, F. P. Zamborini, A. J. Osisek, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7048–7053;
- 6cS. Chen, R. W. Murray, J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 9996–10 000;
- 6dJ. F. Hicks, F. P. Zamborini, R. W. Murray, J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 7751–7757;
- 6eS. Chen, R. W. Murray, S. W. Feldberg, J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 9898–9907.
- 7
- 7aA. N. Shipway, E. Katz, I. Willner, ChemPhysChem 2000, 1, 18–52;
- 7bM.-C. Daniel, D. Astruc, Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293–346.
- 8
- 8aA. Badia, S. Singh, L. Demers, L. Cuccia, G. R. Brown, R. B. Lennox, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 359–363;
- 8bM. Brust, J. Fink, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. Kiely, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 1995, 1655–1666.
- 9
- 9aH. Yao, O. Momozawa, T. Hamatani, K. Kimura, Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 4692–4697;
- 9bN. Hussain, B. Singh, T. Sakthivel, A. T. Florence, Int. J. Pharm. 2003, 254, 27–31;
- 9cA. C. Templeton, S. Chen, S. M. Gross, R. W. Murray, Langmuir 1999, 15, 66–76.
- 10
- 10aA. Miyazaki, Y. Nakano, Langmuir 2000, 16, 7109–7111;
- 10bW. P. Wuelfing, S. M. Gross, D. T. Miles, R. W. Murray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12 696–12 697;
- 10cT. Teranishi, I. Kiyokawa, M. Miyake, Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 596–599.
- 11M. Valina-Saba, G. Bauer, N. Stich, F. Pittner, T. Schalkhammer, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 1999, 8–9, 205–209.
- 12J.-M. Lehn, Supramolecular Chemistry: Concepts and Perspectives, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1995.
10.1002/3527607439 Google Scholar
- 13
- 13aM. Lahav, A. N. Shipway, I. Willner, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 1999, 1925–1931;
- 13bW. Chen, D. Grouquist, J. Roark, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2002, 2, 47–53.
- 14A. N. Shipway, I. Willner, Chem. Commun. 2001, 2035–2045.
- 15
- 15aD. L. Feldheim, C. D. Keating, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1998, 27, 1–12;
- 15bT. W. Kim, D. C. Choo, J. H. Shim, S. O. Kang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2168–2170.
- 16J. Liu, M. Gomez-Kaifer, A. E. Kaifer in Structure and Bonding, Bd. 99 (Hrsg.: ), Springer, New York, 2001, S. 141–162.
- 17D. L. Feldheim, K. C. Grabar, M. J. Natan, T. E. Mallouk, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7640–7641.
- 18
- 18aT. Trindade, P. O'Brien, N. L. Pickett, Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 3843–3858;
- 18bJ.-T. Lue, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2001, 62, 1599–1612;
- 18cK. Grieve, P. Mulvaney, F. Grieser, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2000, 5, 168–172;
- 18dP. Schwerdtfeger, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 1936–1939;
10.1002/ange.200201610 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1892–1895.
- 19
- 19aM. Brust, C. J. Kiely, Colloids Surf. A 2002, 202, 175–186;
- 19bW. P. McConnell, J. P. Novak, L. C. Brousseau III, R. R. Fuierer, R. C. Tenent, D. L. Feldheim, J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 8925–8930;
- 19cR. Gangopadhyay, A. De, Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 608–622.
- 20E. Katz, A. N. Shipway, I. Willner in Nanoparticles. From Theory to Application (Hrsg.: ), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003, S. 368–421.
- 21
- 21aC. M. Niemeyer, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 4254–4287;
10.1002/1521-3757(20011119)113:22<4254::AID-ANGE4254>3.0.CO;2-D Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 4128–4158;10.1002/1521-3773(20011119)40:22<4128::AID-ANIE4128>3.0.CO;2-S CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 21bC. M. Niemeyer, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 5974–5978;
10.1002/ange.200301703 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 5796–5800;
- 21cW. J. Parak, D. Gerion, T. Pellegrino, D. Zanchet, C. Micheel, S. C. Williams, R. Boudreau, M. A. Le Gros, C. A. Larabell, A. P. Alivisatos, Nanotechnology 2003, 14, R 15–R27;
- 21dA. Csaki, G. Maubach, D. Born, J. Reichert, W. Fritzsche, Single Mol. 2002, 3, 275–280.
- 22
- 22aS. G. Penn, L. Hey, M. J. Natan, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2003, 7, 609–615;
- 22bJ. L. West, N. J. Halas, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2003, 5, 285–292;
- 22cP. Alivisatos, Nat. Biotechnol. 2004, 22, 47–52.
- 23
- 23aV. Escriou, M. Carrière, D. Scherman, P. Wils, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2003, 55, 295–306;
- 23bA. G. Tkachenko, H. Xie, D. Coleman, W. Glomm, J. Ryan, M. F. Anderson, S. Franzen, D. L. Feldheim, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4700–4701.
- 24I. Brigger, C. Dubernet, P. Couvreur, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 2002, 54, 631–651.
- 25C. Aymonier, U. Schlotterbeck, L. Antonietti, P. Zacharias, R. Thomann, J. C. Tiller, S. Mecking, Chem. Commun. 2002, 3018–3019.
- 26Y. Xia, P. Yang, Y. Sun, Y. Wu, B. Mayers, B. Gates, Y. Yin, F. Kim, H. Yan, Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 353–389.
- 27I. W. Hamley, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 1730–1752; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 1692–1712.
- 28H. Cölfen, S. Mann, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 2452–2468;
10.1002/ange.200200562 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 2350–2365.
- 29K. J. C. van Bommel, A. Friggeri, S. Shinkai, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 1010–1030;
10.1002/ange.200390229 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 980–999.
- 30Bioelectronics: From Theory to Applications (Hrsg.: I. Willner, E. Katz), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2004, im Druck.
- 31
- 31aG. T. Hermanson, A. K. Mallia, P. K. Smith, Immobilized Affinity Ligand Techniques, Academic Press, London, 1992;
- 31bR. F. Taylor, Protein Immobilization, Dekker, New York, 1990;
- 31cA. F. Collings, F. Caruso, Rep. Prog. Phys. 1997, 60, 1397–1445.
- 32
- 32aS. V. Rao, K. W. Anderson, L. G. Bachas, Microchim. Acta 1998, 128, 127–143;
- 32bW. H. Scouten, J. H. T. Luong, R. S. Brown, Trends Biotechnol. 1995, 13, 178–185.
- 33T. Rajh, J. M. Nedeljkovic, L. X. Chen, O. Poluektov, M. C. Thurnauer, J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 3515–3519.
- 34J. B. Broderick, M. J. Natan, T. V. O'Halloran, R. P. Van Duyne, Biochemistry 1993, 32, 13 771–13 776.
- 35C. Yongli, Z. Xiufang, G. Yandao, Z. Nanming, Z. Tingying, S. Xinqi, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1999, 214, 38–45.
- 36J. De Groot, R. E. Hester, S. Kaminaka, T. Kitagawa, J. Phys. Chem. 1988, 92, 2044–2048.
- 37N. G. Khlebtsov, V. A. Bogatyrev, B. N. Khlebtsov, L. A. Dykman, P. Englebienne, Colloid J. 2003, 65, 622–635.
- 38W. Shenton, S. A. Davis, S. Mann, Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 449–452.
- 39
- 39aI. D. G. MacDonald, W. E. Smith, Langmuir 1996, 12, 706–713;
- 39bB. N. Rospendowski, K. Kelly, C. R. Wolf, W. E. Smith, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 1217–1225.
- 40H. Mattoussi, J. M. Mauro, E. R. Goldman, G. P. Anderson, V. C. Sundar, F. V. Mikulec, M. G. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12 142–12 150.
- 41D. Ibano, Y. Yokota, T. Tominaga, Chem. Lett. 2003, 32, 574–575.
- 42H. Larsericsdotter, S. Oscarsson, J. Buijs, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2001, 237, 98–103.
- 43
- 43aM. J. Meziani, H. W. Rollins, L. F. Allard, Y.-P. Sun, J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 11 178–11 182;
- 43bM. J. Meziani, Y.-P. Sun, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8015–8018.
- 44M. Zheng, F. Davidson, X. Huang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7790–7791.
- 45P. Pengo, Q. B. Broxterman, B. Kaptein, L. Pasquato, P. Scrimin, Langmuir 2003, 19, 2521–2524.
- 46F. Caruso, Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 11–22.
- 47F. Caruso, H. Möhwald, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 6039–6046.
- 48F. Caruso, H. Fiedler, K. Haage, Colloids Surf. A 2000, 169, 287–293.
- 49C. Schüler, F. Caruso, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2000, 21, 750–753.
- 50F. Caruso, C. Schüler, Langmuir 2000, 16, 9595–9603.
- 51Y. Lvov, F. Caruso, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 4212–4217.
- 52W. Yang, D. Trau, R. Renneberg, N. T. Yu, F. Caruso, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2001, 234, 356–362.
- 53R. Mahtab, J. P. Rogers, C. J. Murphy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 9099–9100.
- 54R. Mahtab, J. P. Rogers, C. P. Singleton, C. J. Murphy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 7028–7032.
- 55R. Mahtab, H. H. Harden, C. J. Murphy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 14–17.
- 56J. R. Lakowicz, I. Gryczynski, Z. Gryczynski, K. Nowaczyk, C. J. Murphy, Anal. Biochem. 2000, 280, 128–136.
- 57S. R. Bigham, J. L. Coffer, J. Cluster Sci. 2000, 11, 359–372.
- 58C. J. Murphy, E. B. Brauns, L. Gearheart, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1997, 452, 597–601.
- 59
- 59aE. B. Brauns, C. J. Murphy, M. A. Berg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2449–2456;
- 59bE. B. Brauns, M. L. Madaras, R. S. Coleman, C. J. Murphy, M. A. Berg, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11 644–11 649;
- 59cJ. Wildeson, C. J. Murphy, Anal. Biochem. 2000, 284, 99–106.
- 60L. A. Gearheart, H. J. Ploehn, C. J. Murphy, J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 12 609–12 615.
- 61K. Naka, H. Itoh, Y. Tampo, Y. Chujo, Langmuir 2003, 19, 5546–5549.
- 62V. I. Korsounski, R. B. Neder, K. Hradil, C. Barglik-Chory, G. Muller, J. Neuefeind, J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2003, 36, 1389–1396.
- 63M. A. Hayat, Colloidal Gold: Principles, Methods, and Applications, Academic Press, New York, 1989.
- 64
- 64aS. S. Ghosh, P. M. Kao, A. W. McCue, H. L. Chappelle, Bioconjugate Chem. 1990, 1, 71–76;
- 64bE. Droz, M. Taborelli, P. Descouts, T. N. C. Wells, R. C. Werlen, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1996, 14, 1422–1426.
- 65
- 65aH.-G. Hong, P. W. Bohn, S. G. Sligar, Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 1635–1638;
- 65bH.-G. Hong, M. Jiang, S. G. Sligar, P. W. Bohn, Langmuir 1994, 10, 153–158;
- 65cM. A. Firestone, M. L. Shank, S. G. Sligar, P. W. Bohn, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 9033–9041;
- 65dS. Kanno, Y. Yanagida, T. Haruyama, E. Kobatake, M. Aizawa, J. Biotechnol. 2000, 76, 207–214.
- 66J. Li, J. Wang, V. G. Gavalas, D. A. Atwood, L. G. Bachas, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 55–58.
- 67A. Schroedter, H. Weller, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 3346–3350;
10.1002/1521-3757(20020902)114:17<3346::AID-ANGE3346>3.0.CO;2-R Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3218–3221.10.1002/1521-3773(20020902)41:17<3218::AID-ANIE3218>3.0.CO;2-P CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 68
- 68aH. Jeon, G. G. Shipley, J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 30 465–30 470;
- 68bM. Malecki, A. Hsu, L. Truong, S. Sanchez, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 213–218;
- 68cO. Medalia, M. Heim, R. Guckenberger, R. Sperling, J. Sperling, J. Struct. Biol. 1999, 127, 113–119;
- 68dK.-M. Sung, D. W. Mosley, B. R. Peelle, S. Zhang, J. M. Jacobson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 5064–5065.
- 69
- 69aC. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, R. C. Mucic, J. J. Storhoff, Nature 1996, 382, 607–609;
- 69bS.-J. Park, A. A. Lazarides, C. A. Mirkin, P. W. Brazis, C. R. Kannewurf, R. L. Letsinger, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 4003–4006; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3845–3848;
- 69cL. M. Demers, C. A. Mirkin, R. C. Mucic, R. A. Reynolds III, R. L. Letsinger, R. Elghanian, G. Viswanadham, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 5535–5541.
- 70G. P. Mitchell, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 8122–8123.
- 71R. L. Letsinger, R. Elghanian, G. Viswanadham, C. A. Mirkin, Bioconjugate Chem. 2000, 11, 289–291.
- 72L. Jiang, B. Q. Yang, Y. D. Ma, Y. C. Liu, W. S. Yang, T. J. Li, C. C. Sun, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2003, 380, 29–33.
- 73W. J. Parak, T. Pellegrino, C. M. Micheel, D. Gerion, S. C. Williams, A. P. Alivisatos, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 33–36.
- 74J. E. Gestwicki, L. E. Strong, L. L. Kisseling, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 4741–4744;
10.1002/1521-3757(20001215)112:24<4741::AID-ANGE4741>3.0.CO;2-G Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 4567–4570.10.1002/1521-3773(20001215)39:24<4567::AID-ANIE4567>3.0.CO;2-F CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 75M. Bruchez, Jr.,M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss, A. P. Alivisatos, Science 1998, 281, 2013–2015.
- 76B. M. Sergeev, M. V. Kiryukhin, M. Y. Rubtsova, A. N. Prusov, Colloid J. 2003, 65, 636–638.
- 77
- 77aK. Okano, S. Takahashi, K. Yasuda, D. Tokinaga, K. Imai, M. Koga, Anal. Biochem. 1992, 202, 120–125;
- 77bT. Soukka, H. Härmä, J. Paukkunen, T. Lövgren, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 2254–2260;
- 77cI. Sondi, O. Siiman, S. Koester, E. Matijevic, Langmuir 2000, 16, 3107–3118.
- 78
- 78aA. Yoshizumi, N. Kanayama, Y. Maehara, M. Ide, H. Kitano, Langmuir 1999, 15, 482–488;
- 78bM. J. Hernáiz, J. M. de la Fuente, A. G. Barrientos, S. Penadés, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 1624–1627;
10.1002/1521-3757(20020503)114:9<1624::AID-ANGE1624>3.0.CO;2-O Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1554–1557.10.1002/1521-3773(20020503)41:9<1554::AID-ANIE1554>3.0.CO;2-3 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 79J. M. de la Fuente, A. G. Barrientos, T. C. Rojas, J. Rojo, J. Cañada, A. Fernández, S. Penadés, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 2317–2321;
10.1002/1521-3757(20010618)113:12<2317::AID-ANGE2317>3.0.CO;2-U Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2258–2261.
- 80aC.-C. Lin, Y.-C. Yeh, C.-Y. Yang, C.-L. Chen, G.-F. Chen, C.-C. Chen, Y.-C. Wu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 3508–3509;
- 80bC.-C. Lin, Y.-C. Yeh, C.-Y. Yang, G.-F. Chen, Y.-C. Chen, Y.-C. Wu, C.-C. Chen, Chem. Commun. 2003, 2920–2921.
- 81H. Otsuka, Y. Akiyama, Y. Nagasaki, K. Kataoka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8226–8230.
- 82D. C. Hone, A. H. Haines, D. A. Russell, Langmuir 2003, 19, 7141–7144.
- 83B. Nolting, J.-J. Yu, G.-Y. Liu, S.-J. Cho, S. Kauzlarich, J. Gervay-Hague, Langmuir 2003, 19, 6465–6473.
- 84H. Gu, P. L. Ho, E. Tong, L. Wang, B. Xu, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1261–1263.
- 85D. Ishii, K. Kinbara, Y. Ishida, N. Ishii, M. Okochi, M. Yohda, T. Aida, Nature 2003, 423, 628–632.
- 86
- 86aM. Kowshik, N. Deshmukh, W. Vogel, J. Urban, S. K. Kulkarni, K. M. Paknikar, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2002, 78, 583–588;
- 86bY. Roh, R. J. Lauf, A. D. McMillan, C. Zhang, C. J. Rawn, J. Bai, T. J. Phelps, Solid State Commun. 2001, 118, 529–534;
- 86cJ. M. Slocik, D. W. Wright, Biomacromolecules 2003, 4, 1135–1141;
- 86dM. Kowshik, S. Ashtaputre, S. Kharrazi, W. Vogel, J. Urban, S. K. Kulkarni, K. M. Paknikar, Nanotechnology 2003, 14, 95–100;
- 86eT. Matsunaga, H. Takeyama, Supramol. Sci. 1998, 5, 391–394;
- 86fP. Raveendran, J. Fu, S. L. Wallen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 13 940–13 941;
- 86gS. S. Shankar, A. Ahmad, M. Sastry, Biotechnol. Prog. 2003, 13, 1627–1631;
- 86hA. Ahmad, S. Senapati, M. Khan, R. Kumar, R. Ramani, V. Srinivas, M. Sastry, Nanotechnology 2003, 14, 824–828.
- 87
- 87aA. Ahmad, P. Mukherjee, D. Mandal, S. Senapati, M. I. Khan, R. Kumar, M. Sastry, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 12 108–12 109;
- 87bJ. L. Gardea-Torresdey, J. G. Parsons, E. Gomez, J. Peralta-Videa, H. E. Troiani, P. Santiago, M. J. Yacaman, Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 397–401.
- 88S.-Y. Ding, M. Jones, M. P. Tucker, J. M. Nedeljkovic, J. Wall, M. N. Simon, G. Rumbles, M. E. Himmel, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1581–1585.
- 89
- 89aA. R. Bizzarri, S. Cannistraro, Appl. Spectrosc. 2002, 56, 1531–1537;
- 89bH. Xu, E. J. Bjerneld, M. Käll, L. Böerjesson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1999, 83, 4357–4360.
- 90A. K. Boal, V. M. Rotello, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 4914–4915.
- 91J. Pan, G. Benkö, Y. Xu, T. Pascher, L. Sun, V. Sundström, T. Polivka, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13 949–13 957.
- 92S. O. Obare, T. Ito, M. H. Balfour, G. J. Meyer, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1151–1153.
- 93N. N. Mamedova, N. A. Kotov, A. L. Rogach, J. Studer, Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 281–286.
- 94C. M. Niemeyer, M. Adler, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 3933–3937;
10.1002/1521-3757(20021018)114:20<3933::AID-ANGE3933>3.0.CO;2-M Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3779–3783.10.1002/1521-3773(20021018)41:20<3779::AID-ANIE3779>3.0.CO;2-F CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 95S. R. N. Peña, S. Raina, G. P. Goodrich, N. V. Fedoroff, C. D. Keating, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7314–7323.
- 96M. J. Hannon, V. Moreno, M. J. Prieto, E. Moldrheim, E. Sletten, I. Meistermann, C. J. Isaac, K. J. Sanders, A. Rodger, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 903–908; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 880–884.
- 97A. U. Bielinska, C. Chen, J. Johnson, J. R. Baker, Jr., Bioconjugate Chem. 1999, 10, 843–850.
- 98K. Iijima, M. Yoshizumi, M. Hashimoto, S. Kim, M. Eto, J. Ako, Y. Q. Kiang, N. Sudoh, K. Hosoda, K. Nakahara, K. Toda, Y. Ouchi, Circulation 2000, 101, 805–811.
- 99M. J. Hostetler, A. C. Templeton, R. W. Murray, Langmuir 1999, 15, 3782–3789.
- 100A. K. Boal, V. M. Rotello, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 734–735.
- 101C. M. McIntosh, E. A. Esposito III, A. K. Boal, J. M. Simard, C. T. Martin, V. M. Rotello, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7626–7629.
- 102X. He, K. Wang, W. Tan, B. Liu, X. Lin, C. He, D. Li, S. Huang, J. Li, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 7168–7169.
- 103K. Hamad-Schifferli, J. J. Schwartz, A. T. Santos, S. Zhang, J. M. Jacobson, Nature 2002, 415, 152–155.
- 104A. Jordan, R. Scholz, P. Wust, H. Fähling, R. Felix, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1999, 201, 413–419.
- 105B. Dubertret, M. Calame, A. J. Libchaber, Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 365–370.
- 106D. J. Maxwell, J. R. Taylor, S. Nie, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9606–9612.
- 107
- 107aN. O. Fischer, C. M. McIntosh, J. M. Simard, V. M. Rotello, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 5018–5023;
- 107bN. O. Fischer, A. Verma, C. M. Goodman, J. M. Simard, V. M. Rotello, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 13 387–13 391;
- 107cR. Hong, N. O. Fischer, A. Verma, C. M. Goodman, T. Emrick, V. M. Rotello, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 739–743.
- 108C.-Y. Lai, B. G. Trewyn, D. M. Jeftinija, K. Jeftinija, S. Xu, S. Jeftinija, V. S.-Y. Lin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 4451–4459.
- 109
- 109aC. Petit, A. Taleb, M.-P. Pileni, Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 259–261;
- 109bC. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, M. G. Bawendi, Science 1995, 270, 1335–1338;
- 109cT. Vossmeyer, G. Reck, L. Katsikas, E. T. K. Haupt, B. Schulz, H. Weller, Science 1995, 267, 1476–1479;
- 109dB. A. Korgel, D. Fitzmaurice, Adv. Mater. 1998, 10, 661–665.
- 110A. Sashchiuk, E. Lifshitz, R. Reisfeld, T. Saraidarov, M. Zelner, A. Willenz, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 2002, 24, 31–38.
- 111S. A. Davis, M. Breulmann, K. H. Rhodes, B. Zhang, S. Mann, Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 3218–3226.
- 112W. Shenton, D. Pum, U. B. Sleytr, S. Mann, Nature 1997, 389, 585–587.
- 113S. Dieluweit, D. Pum, U. B. Sleytr, Supramol. Sci. 1998, 5, 15–19.
- 114S. A. Davis, H. M. Patel, E. L. Mayers, N. H. Mendelson, G. Franco, S. Mann, Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 2516–2524.
- 115R. P. Andres, J. D. Bielefeld, J. I. Henderson, D. B. Janes, V. R. Kolagunta, C. P. Kubiak, W. J. Mahoney, R. G. Osifchin, Science 1996, 273, 1690–1693.
- 116M. Brust, D. Bethell, D. J. Schiffrin, C. J. Kiely, Adv. Mater. 1995, 7, 795–797.
- 117S. Cobbe, S. Connolly, D. Ryan, L. Nagle, R. Eritja, D. Fitzmaurice, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 470–477
- 118S. Mann, W. Shenton, M. Li, S. Connoly, D. Fitzmaurice, Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 147–150.
- 119R. Bashir, Superlattices Microstruct. 2001, 29, 1–16.
- 120C. M. Niemeyer, Appl. Phys. A 1999, 68, 119–124.
- 121V. A. Bogatyrev, L. A. Dykman, Y. M. Krasnov, V. K. Plotnikov, N. G. Khlebtsov, Colloid J. 2002, 64, 671–680.
- 122D. Zanchet, C. M. Micheel, W. J. Parak, D. Gerion, S. C. Williams, A. P. Alivisatos, J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 11 758–11 763.
- 123P. C. Weber, D. H. Ohlendorf, J. J. Wendoloski, F. R. Salemme, Science 1989, 243, 85–88.
- 124
- 124aB. K. Sinha, C. F. Chingell, Methods Enzymol. 1979, 62, 295–308;
- 124bU. Piran, W. J. Riordan, J. Immunol. Methods 1990, 133, 141–143.
- 125
- 125aT. Sano, M. W. Pandori, X. M. Chen, C. L. Smith, C. R. Cantor, J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270, 28 204–28 209;
- 125bT. Sano, C. R. Cantor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 3180–3184.
- 126
- 126aS. Connoly, D. Fitzmaurice, Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 1202–1205;
- 126bS. Connoly, S. Cobbe, D. Fitzmaurice, J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 2222–2226.
- 127K. K. Caswell, J. N. Wilson, U. H. F. Bunz, C. J. Murphy, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 13 914–13 915.
- 128P. M. Harrison, P. Arosio, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1996, 1275, 161–203.
- 129
- 129aT. Douglas, D. P. E. Dickson, S. Betteridge, J. Charnock, C. D. Garner, S. Mann, Science 1995, 269, 54–57;
- 129bF. C. Meldrum, T. Douglas, S. Levi, P. Arosio, S. Mann, J. Inorg. Biochem. 1995, 58, 59–68;
- 129cF. C. Meldrum, B. R. Heywood, S. Mann, Science 1992, 257, 522–523.
- 130K. K. W. Wong, S. Mann, Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 928–931.
- 131J. M. Dominguez-Vera, E. Colacio, Inorg. Chem. 2003, 42, 6983–6985.
- 132M. Li, K. K. W. Wong, S. Mann, Chem. Mater. 1999, 11, 23–26.
- 133N. T. K. Thanh, J. H. Rees, Z. Rosenzweig, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2002, 374, 1174–1178.
- 134N. T. K. Thanh, Z. Rosenzweig, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1624–1628.
- 135L. R. Hirsch, J. B. Jackson, A. Lee, N. J. Halas, J. L. West, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 2377–2381.
- 136S. Wang, N. Mamedova, N. A. Kotov, W. Chen, J. Studer, Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 817–822.
- 137S. R. Whaley, D. S. English, E. L. Hu, P. F. Barbara, A. M. Belcher, Nature 2000, 405, 665–668.
- 138
- 138aC. A. Mirkin, Inorg. Chem. 2000, 39, 2258–2272;
- 138bJ. J. Storhoff, C. A. Mirkin, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1849–1862.
- 139R. Elghanian, J. J. Storhoff, R. C. Mucic, R. L. Letsinger, C. A. Mirkin, Science 1997, 277, 1078–1081.
- 140J. J. Storhoff, R. Elghanian, R. C. Mucic, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 1959–1964.
- 141
- 141aR. A. Reynolds III, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 3795–3796;
- 141bG. R. Souza, J. H. Miller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6734–6735.
- 142R. C. Mucic, J. J. Storhoff, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12 674–12 675.
- 143J. J. Storhoff, A. A. Lazarides, R. C. Mucic, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, G. C. Schatz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 4640–4650.
- 144E. Dujardin, L.-B. Hsin, C. R. C. Wang, S. Mann, Chem. Commun. 2001, 1264–1265.
- 145Y. J. Kim, R. C. Johnson, J. T. Hupp, Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 165–167.
- 146S. Y. Lin, S. W. Liu, C. M. Lin, C. H. Chen, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 330–335.
- 147
- 147aJ. Liu, Y. Lu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 6642–6643;
- 147bJ. Liu, Y. Lu, Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 1627–1632.
- 148
- 148aR. R. Breaker, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2002, 13, 31–39;
- 148bR. R. Breaker, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 371–390;
- 148cG. F. Joyce in The RNA World, Vol. 37 (Hrsg.: ), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York, 1999, S. 687–689.
- 149
- 149aJ. Li, W. Zheng, A. H. Kwon, Y. Lu, Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 28, 481–488;
- 149bS. W. Santoro, G. F. Joyce, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94, 4262–4266;
- 149cD. Faulhammer, M. Famulok, Angew. Chem. 1996, 108, 2984–2988;
10.1002/ange.19961082322 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 2837–2841.
- 150A. G. Kanaras, Z. Wang, A. D. Bates, R. Cosstick, M. Brust, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 201–204;
10.1002/ange.200390043 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 191–194.
- 151C. S. Yun, G. A. Khitrov, D. E. Vergona, N. O. Reich, G. F. Strouse, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7644–7645.
- 152A. P. Alivisatos, K. P. Johnsson, X. Peng, T. E. Wilson, C. J. Loweth, M. P. Bruchez, Jr.,P. G. Schultz, Nature 1996, 382, 609–611.
- 153C. J. Loweth, W. B. Caldwell, X. Peng, A. P. Alivisatos, P. G. Schultz, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1925–1929;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990614)111:12<1925::AID-ANGE1925>3.0.CO;2-2 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1808–1812.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990614)38:12<1808::AID-ANIE1808>3.0.CO;2-C CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 154K. Sato, K. Hosokawa, M. Maeda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8102–8103.
- 155R. Chakrabarti, A. M. Klibanov, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 12 531–12 540.
- 156C. M. Niemeyer, B. Ceyhan, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 3798–3801;
10.1002/1521-3757(20011001)113:19<3798::AID-ANGE3798>3.0.CO;2-E Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 3685–3688.10.1002/1521-3773(20011001)40:19<3685::AID-ANIE3685>3.0.CO;2-E CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 157
- 157aS.-J. Park, A. A. Lazarides, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 2993–2996;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2909–2912;
10.1002/1521-3773(20010803)40:15<2909::AID-ANIE2909>3.0.CO;2-O CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 157bC. M. Niemeyer, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2004, 32, 51–53.
- 158C. M. Niemeyer, W. Bürger, J. Peplies, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 2391–2395;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19980817)110:16<2391::AID-ANGE2391>3.0.CO;2-X Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2265–2268.10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980904)37:16<2265::AID-ANIE2265>3.0.CO;2-F CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 159Q. Wang, T. Lin, L. Tang, J. E. Johnson, M. G. Finn, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 477–480;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 459–462.
10.1002/1521-3773(20020201)41:3<459::AID-ANIE459>3.0.CO;2-O CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 160H. Liang, T. E. Angelini, J. Ho, P. V. Braun, G. C. L. Wong, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11 786–11 787.
- 161I. Willner, Science 2002, 298, 2407–2408.
- 162F. A. Armstrong, G. S. Wilson, Electrochim. Acta 2000, 45, 2623–2645.
- 163A. Heller, Acc. Chem. Res. 1990, 23, 128–134.
- 164A. Heller, J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 3579–3587.
- 165I. Willner, E. Katz, Angew. Chem. 2000, 112, 1230–1269;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 1180–1218.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000403)39:7<1180::AID-ANIE1180>3.0.CO;2-E CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 166
- 166aJ. Wang, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 1999, 18, 47–53;
- 166bH.-L. Schmidt, W. Schuhmann, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1996, 11, 127–135;
- 166cI. Willner, E. Katz, B. Willner, Electroanalysis 1997, 9, 965–977.
- 167
- 167aI. Willner, G. Arad, E. Katz, Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1998, 44, 209–214;
- 167bI. Willner, E. Katz, F. Patolsky, A. F. Bückmann, J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 1998, 1817–1822;
- 167cE. Katz, B. Filanovsky, I. Willner, New J. Chem. 1999, 23, 481–487;
- 167dE. Katz, I. Willner, A. B. Kotlyar, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1999, 479, 64–68;
- 167eS. C. Barton, H.-H. Kim, G. Binyamin, Y. Zhang, A. Heller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5802–5803;
- 167fT. Chen, S. C. Barton, G. Binyamin, Z. Gao, Y. Zhang, H.-H. Kim, A. Heller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8630–8631;
- 167gE. Katz, A. N. Shipway, I. Willner in Handbook of Fuel Cells. Fundamentals, Technology, Applications, Bd. 1 (Hrsg.: ), Wiley, 2003, S. 355–381.
- 168
- 168aI. Willner, A. Doron, E. Katz, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 1998, 11, 546–560;
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1395(199808/09)11:8/9<546::AID-POC49>3.0.CO;2-Q CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 168bR. Blonder, E. Katz, I. Willner, V. Wray, A. F. Bückmann, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11 747–11 757.
- 169
- 169aG. Sundarababu, H. Gao, H. Sigrist, Photochem. Photobiol. 1995, 61, 540–544;
- 169bS. K. Bhatia, J. L. Teixeira, M. Anderson, L. Shriver-Lake, J. M. Calvert, J. H. Georger, J. J. Hickman, C. S. Dulcey, P. E. Schoen, F. S. Ligler, Anal. Biochem. 1993, 208, 197–205.
- 170M. Sastry, M. Rao, K. N. Ganesh, Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 847–855.
- 171
- 171aN. Kimizuka, M. Tanaka, T. Kunitake, Chem. Lett. 1999, 1333–1334;
- 171bP. He, N. Hu, J. F. Rusling, Langmuir 2004, 20, 722–729.
- 172S. Deki, Y. Aoi, O. Hiroi, A. Kajinami, Chem. Lett. 1996, 433–434.
- 173S. Phadtare, A. Kumar, V. P. Vinod, C. Dash, D. V. Palaskar, M. Rao, P. G. Shukla, S. Sivaram, M. Sastry, Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 1944–1949.
- 174N. Levit-Binnun, A. B. Lindner, O. Zik, Z. Eshhar, E. Moses, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 1436–1441.
- 175Y. Maeda, T. Nakamura, K. Uchimura, T. Matsumoto, H. Tabata, T. Kawai, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 1999, 17, 494–496.
- 176T. Torimoto, M. Yamashita, S. Kuwabata, T. Sakata, H. Mori, H. Yoneyama, J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 8799–8803.
- 177J. L. Coffer, S. R. Bigham, X. Li, R. F. Pinizzotto, Y. G. Rho, R. M. Pirtle, I. L. Pirtle, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 69, 3851–3853.
- 178M. Sastry, A. Kumar, S. Datar, C. V. Dharmadhikari, K. N. Ganesh, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 2943–2945.
- 179A. Kumar, M. Pattarkine, M. Bhadhade, A. B. Mandale, K. N. Ganesh, S. S. Datar, C. V. Dharmadhikari, M. Sastry, Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 341–344.
- 180
- 180aS. Han, J. Lin, F. Zhou, R. L. Vellanoweth, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 279, 265–269;
- 180bE. Huang, M. Satjapipat, S. Han, F. Zhou, Langmuir 2001, 17, 1215–1224.
- 181J. Richter, R. Seidel, R. Kirsch, M. Mertig, W. Pompe, J. Plaschke, H. K. Schackert, Adv. Mater. 2000, 12, 507–510.
- 182Y. Maeda, H. Tabata, T. Kawai, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 1181–1183.
- 183J. K. N. Mbindyo, B. D. Reiss, B. R. Martin, C. D. Keating, M. J. Natan, T. E. Mallouk, Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 249–254.
- 184C. M. Niemeyer, B. Ceyhan, S. Gao, L. Chi, S. Peschel, U. Simon, Colloid Polym. Sci. 2001, 279, 68–72.
- 185L. M. Demers, S.-J. Park, T. A. Taton, Z. Li, C. A. Mirkin, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 3161–3163;
10.1002/1521-3757(20010817)113:16<3161::AID-ANGE3161>3.0.CO;2-M Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 3071–3073.10.1002/1521-3773(20010817)40:16<3071::AID-ANIE3071>3.0.CO;2-S CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 186
- 186aK.-B. Lee, J.-H. Lim, C. A. Mirkin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 5588–5589;
- 186bH. Zhang, K. B. Lee, Z. Li, C. A. Mirkin, Nanotechnology 2003, 14, 1113–1117.
- 187T. A. Taton, R. C. Mucic, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 6305–6306.
- 188I. Willner, F. Patolsky, J. Wasserman, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 1913–1916;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 1861–1864.
10.1002/1521-3773(20010518)40:10<1861::AID-ANIE1861>3.0.CO;2-V CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 189
- 189aC. M. Niemeyer, B. Ceyhan, P. Hazarika, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 5944–5948;
10.1002/ange.200352744 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 5766–5770;
- 189bC. M. Niemeyer, B. Ceyhan, M. Noyong, U. Simon, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 301, 995–999.
- 190
- 190aL. Cognet, C. Tardin, D. Boyer, D. Choquet, P. Tamarat, B. Lounis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 11 350–11 355;
- 190bY. F. Wang, D. W. Pang, Z. L. Zhang, H. Z. Zheng, J. P. Cao, J. T. Shen, J. Med. Virol. 2003, 70, 205–211;
- 190cK. Sokolov, M. Follen, J. Aaron, I. Pavlova, A. Malpica, R. Lotan, R. Richards-Kortum, Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 1999–2004.
- 191
- 191aD. M. Willard, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2003, 376, 284–286;
- 191bJ. Wang, Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 500, 247–257.
- 192D. Hernández-Santos, M. B. González-Garcia, A. C. Garcia, Electroanalysis 2002, 14, 1225–1235.
- 193
- 193aW. R. Holland, D. G. Hall, Phys. Rev. B 1983, 27, 7765–7768;
- 193bT. Kume, N. Nakagawa, S. Hayashi, K. Yamamoto, Solid State Commun. 1995, 93, 171–175;
- 193cG. S. Agarwal, S. D. Gupta, Phys. Rev. B 1985, 32, 3607–3611.
- 194
- 194aI. Willner, E. Katz, B. Willner in Biosensors and Their Applications (Hrsg.: ), Kluwer, New York, 2000, S. 47–98;
10.1007/978-1-4615-4181-3_4 Google Scholar
- 194bI. Willner, B. Willner, E. Katz, Rev. Mol. Biotechnol. 2002, 82, 325–355;
- 194cL. Habermüller, M. Mosbach, W. Schuhmann, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 2000, 366, 560–568;
- 194dI. Willner, B. Willner, Trends Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 222–230;
- 194eF. A. Armstrong, H. A. Heering, J. Hirst, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1997, 26, 169–179.
- 195P. N. Bartlett, P. Tebbutt, R. G. Whitaker, Prog. React. Kinet. 1991, 16, 55–155.
- 196
- 196aY. Degani, A. Heller, J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 1285–1289;
- 196bW. Schuhmann, T. J. Ohara, H.-L. Schmidt, A. Heller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 1394–1397;
- 196cY. Degani, A. Heller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 2615–2620;
- 196dI. Willner, A. Riklin, B. Shoham, D. Rivenzon, E. Katz, Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 912–915;
- 196eI. Willner, E. Katz, A. Riklin, R. Kasher, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 10 965–10 966;
- 196fA. Badia, R. Carlini, A. Fernandez, F. Battaglini, S. R. Mikkelsen, A. M. English, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 7053–7060.
- 197S. A. Emr, A. M. Yacynych, Electroanalysis 1995, 6, 913–923.
- 198
- 198aI. Willner, V. Heleg-Shabtai, R. Blonder, E. Katz, G. Tao, A. F. Bückmann, A. Heller, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10 321–10 322;
- 198bE. Katz, A. Riklin, V. Heleg-Shabtai, I. Willner, A. F. Bückmann, Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 385, 45–58.
- 199aO. A. Raitman, E. Katz, A. F. Bückmann, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6487–6496;
- 199bO. A. Raitman, F. Patolsky, E. Katz, I. Willner, Chem. Commun. 2002, 1936–1937.
- 200
- 200aL.-H. Guo, G. McLendon, H. Razafitrimo, Y. Gao, J. Mater. Chem. 1996, 6, 369–374;
- 200bH. Zimmermann, A. Lindgren, W. Schuhmann, L. Gorton, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 592–599.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3765(20000218)6:4<592::AID-CHEM592>3.0.CO;2-6 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 201
- 201aJ. Zhao, R. W. Henkens, J. Stonehurner, J. P. O'Daly, A. L. Crumbliss, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 327, 109–119;
- 201bA. L. Crumbliss, S. C. Perine, J. Stonehurner, K. R. Tubergen, J. Zhao, R. W. Henkens, J. P. O'Daly, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1992, 40, 483–490;
- 201cJ. Zhao, J. P. O'Daly, R. W. Henkens, J. Stonehurner, A. L. Crumbliss, Biosens. Bioelectron. 1996, 11, 493–502;
- 201dS. Bharathi, M. Nogami, Analyst 2001, 126, 1919–1922;
- 201eS. Liu, H. Ju, Electroanalysis 2003, 15, 1488–1493;
- 201fX.-Y. Wang, H. Zhong, Y. Lv, H.-Y. Chen, Chem. Lett. 2003, 32, 1054–1055;
- 201gS. Liu, H. Ju, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 19, 177–183;
- 201hS. Liu, H. Ju, Analyst, 2003, 128, 1420–1424;
- 201iH.-Y. Gu, R.-X. Sa, S.-S. Yuan, H.-Y. Chen, A.-M. Yu, Chem. Lett. 2003, 32, 934–935;
- 201jT. Liu, J. Zhong, X. Gan, C. Fan, G. Li, N. Matsuda, ChemPhysChem 2003, 4, 1364–1366;
- 201kL. Wang, E. Wang, Electrochem. Commun. 2004, 6, 225–229;
- 201lS. Liu, Z. Dai, H. Chen, H. Ju, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2004, 19, 963–969;
- 201mY. Zhang, P. He, N. Hu, Electrochim. Acta 2004, 49, 1981–1988;
- 201nS. Xu, X. Han, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2004, 19, 1117–1120.
- 202X. Han, W. Cheng, Z. Zhang, S. Dong, E. Wang, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2002, 1556, 273–277.
- 203Y. Xiao, F. Patolsky, E. Katz, J. F. Hainfeld, I. Willner, Science 2003, 299, 1877–1881.
- 204V. Pardo-Yissar, E. Katz, J. Wasserman, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 622–623.
- 205M. L. Curri, A. Agostiano, G. Leo, A. Mallardi, P. Cosma, M. D. Monica, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2002, 22, 449–452.
- 206
- 206aP. Mulvaney, Langmuir 1996, 12, 788–800;
- 206bM. M. Alvarez, J. T. Khoury, T. G. Schaaff, M. N. Shafigullin, I. Vezmar, R. L. Whetten, J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 3706–3712;
- 206cA. P. Alivisatos, J. Phys. Chem. 1996, 100, 13 226–13 329;
- 206dL. Brus, Appl. Phys. A 1991, 53, 465–474.
- 207
- 207aR. F. Khairutdinov, Colloid J. 1997, 59, 535–548;
- 207b Single Charge Tunneling: Coulomb Blockade Phenomena in Nanostructures (Hrsg.: ), Plenum, New York, 1992 (NATO ASI Ser. Ser. B).
- 208
- 208aL. N. Lewis, Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 2693–2730;
- 208bV. Kesavan, P. S. Sivanand, S. Chandrasekaran, Y. Koltypin, A. Gedanken, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3729–3730;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19991203)111:23<3729::AID-ANGE3729>3.0.CO;2-Y Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 3521–3523;10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19991203)38:23<3521::AID-ANIE3521>3.0.CO;2-S CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 208cR. Schlögl, S. B. A. Hamid, Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 1656–1667;
10.1002/ange.200301684 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1628–1637.
- 209L. He, M. D. Musick, S. R. Nicewarner, F. G. Salinas, S. J. Benkovic, M. J. Natan, C. D. Keating, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9071–9077.
- 210
- 210aS. Kubitschko, J. Spinke, T. Brückner, S. Pohl, N. Oranth, Anal. Biochem. 1997, 253, 112–122;
- 210bL. A. Lyon, M. D. Musick, M. J. Natan, Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 5177–5183;
- 210cP. Englebienne, A. V. Hoonacker, M. Verhas, Analyst 2001, 126, 1645–1651.
- 211M. Ozsoz, A. Erdem, K. Kerman, D. Ozkan, B. Tugrul, N. Topcuoglu, H. Ekren, M. Taylan, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 2181–2187.
- 212J. Wang, Stripping Analysis, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1985.
- 213N. Zhu, H. Cai, P. He, Y. Fang, Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 481, 181–189.
- 214J. Wang, J. Li, A. J. Baca, J. Hu, F. Zhou, W. Yan, D.-W. Pang, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 3941–3945.
- 215J. Wang, D. Xu, A.-N. Kawde, R. Polsky, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 5576–5581.
- 216L. Authier, C. Grossiord, P. Brossier, B. Limoges, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 4450–4456.
- 217H. Cai, Y. Xu, N. Zhu, P. He, Y. Fang, Analyst 2002, 127, 803–808.
- 218H. Cai, N. Zhu, Y. Jiang, P. He, Y. Fang, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 18, 1311–1319.
- 219J. Wang, G. Liu, Q. Zhu, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 6218–6222.
- 220T. G. Drummond, M. G. Hill, J. K. Barton, Nat. Biotechnol. 2003, 21, 1192–1199.
- 221T. M.-H. Lee, L.-L. Li, I.-M. Hsing, Langmuir 2003, 19, 4338–4343.
- 222J. Wang, R. Polsky, D. Xu, Langmuir 2001, 17, 5739–5741.
- 223J. Wang, O. Rincón, R. Polsky, E. Dominguez, Electrochem. Commun. 2003, 5, 83–86.
- 224J. Richter, Physica E 2003, 16, 157–173.
- 225E. Braun, Y. Eichen, U. Sivan, G. Ben-Yoseph, Nature 1998, 391, 775–778.
- 226Y. Eichen, E. Braun, U. Sivan, G. Ben-Yoseph, Acta Polym. 1998, 49, 663–670.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-4044(199810)49:10/11<663::AID-APOL663>3.0.CO;2-4 CAS Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 227M. Mertig, L. C. Ciacchi, R. Seidel, W. Pompe, A. De Vita, Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 841–844.
- 228O. D. Velev, E. W. Kaler, Langmuir 1999, 15, 3693–3698.
- 229
- 229aS.-J. Park, T. A. Taton, C. A. Mirkin, Science 2002, 295, 1503–1506;
- 229bL. Moreno-Hagelsieb, P. E. Lobert, R. Pampin, D. Bourgeois, J. Remacle, D. Flandre, Sens. Actuators B 2004, 98, 269–274.
- 230M. Urban, R. Möller, W. Fritzsche, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2003, 74, 1077–1081.
- 231A. Doron, E. Katz, I. Willner, Langmuir 1995, 11, 1313–1317.
- 232H. Cai, C. Xu, P. He, Y. Fang, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 510, 78–85.
- 233H. Lin, H. Zhao, J. Li, J. Tang, M. Duan, L. Jiang, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 274, 817–820.
- 234
- 234aM. Wang, L. Wang, G. Wang, X. Ji, Y. Bai, T. Li, S. Gongb, J. Li, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2004, 19, 575–582;
- 234bC.-X. Lei, F.-C. Gonga, G.-L. Shen, R.-Q. Yu, Sens. Actuators B 2003, 96, 582–588;
- 234cS.-Q. Hua, J.-W. Xie, Q.-H. Xu, K.-T. Rong, G.-L. Shen, R.-Q. Yu, Talanta 2003, 61, 769–777;
- 234dH. Wang, J. Li, Y. Ding, C. Lei, G. Shen, R. Yu, Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 501, 37–43;
- 234eC.-X. Lei, F.-C. Gonga, G.-L. Shen, R.-Q. Yu, Sens. Actuators B 2003, 96, 582–588;
- 234fM. Wang, C. Sun, L. Wang, X. Ji, Y. Bai, T. Li, J. Li, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2003, 33, 1117–1125.
- 235E. Katz, A. N. Shipway, I. Willner in Nanoscale Materials (Hrsg.: ), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2003, S. 5–78.
- 236J. Wang, G. Liu, R. Polsky, A. Merkoçi, Electrochem. Commun. 2002, 4, 722–726.
- 237J. Wang, G. Liu, A. Merkoçi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3214–3215.
- 238
- 238aA. Kawde, J. Wang, Electroanalysis 2004, 16, 101–107;
- 238bJ. Wang, G. Liu, M. R. Jan, Q. Zhu, Electrochem. Commun. 2003, 5, 1000–1004.
- 239
- 239aJ. Wang, R. Polsky, A. Merkoçi, K. Turner, Langmuir 2003, 19, 989–991;
- 239bJ. Wang, G. Liu, G. Rivas, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 4667–4671.
- 240D. Trau, W. J. Yang, M. Seydack, F. Carusu, N.-T. Yu, R. Renneberg, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 5480–5486.
- 241L. Alfonta, A. Singh, I. Willner, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 91–102.
- 242D. A. Buttry, M. D. Ward, Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 1355–1379.
- 243
- 243aX. C. Zhou, S. J. O'Shea, S. F. Y. Li, Chem. Commun. 2000, 953–954;
- 243bF. Patolsky, K. T. Ranjit, A. Lichtenstein, I. Willner, Chem. Commun. 2000, 1025–1026;
- 243cT. Liu, J. Tang, L. Jiang, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 313, 3–7.
- 244S. Han, J. Lin, M. Satjapipat, A. J. Baca, F. Zhou, Chem. Commun. 2001, 609–610.
- 245T. Liu, J. Tang, H. Zhao, Y. Deng, L. Jiang, Langmuir 2002, 18, 5624–5626.
- 246I. Willner, F. Patolsky, Y. Weizmann, B. Willner, Talanta 2002, 56, 847–856.
- 247Y. Weizmann, F. Patolsky, I. Willner, Analyst 2001, 126, 1502–1504.
- 248
- 248aT. A. Taton, C. A. Mirkin, R. L. Letsinger, Science 2000, 289, 1757–1760;
- 248bJ. Reichert, A. Csáki, J. M. Köhler, W. Fritzsche, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 6025–6029;
- 248cT. A. Taton, G. L. Lu, C. A. Mirkin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5164–5165;
- 248dJ. J. Storhoff, S. S. Marla, P. Bao, S. Hagenow, H. Mehta, A. Lucas, V. Garimella, T. Patno, W. Buckingham, W. Cork, U. R. Müller, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2004, 19, 875–883.
- 249
- 249aS. Y. Park, D. Stroud, Physica B 2003, 338, 353–356;
- 249bR. Jin, G. Wu, Z. Li, C. A. Mirkin, G. C. Schatz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1643–1654.
- 250S. Schultz, D. R. Smith, J. J. Mock, D. A. Schultz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 996–1001.
- 251A. P. Han, M. Dufva, E. Belleville, C. B. V. Christensen, Lab Chip 2003, 3, 329–332.
- 252R. C. Bailey, J.-M. Nam, C. A. Mirkin, J. T. Hupp, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 13 541–13 547.
- 253
- 253aG. Bauer, F. Pittner, T. Schalkhammer, Microchim. Acta 1999, 131, 107–114;
- 253bF. Frederix, J.-M. Friedt, K.-H. Choi, W. Laureyn, A. Campitelli, D. Mondelaers, G. Maes, G. Borghs, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 6894–6900;
- 253cL. Olofsson, T. Rindzevicius, I. Pfeiffer, M. Käll, F. Höök, Langmuir 2003, 19, 10 414–10 419.
- 254K. Glynou, P. C. Ioannou, T. K. Christopoulos, V. Syriopoulou, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 4155–4160.
- 255Z. Ma, S.-F. Sui, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 2280–2283;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2176–2179.
10.1002/1521-3773(20020617)41:12<2176::AID-ANIE2176>3.0.CO;2-X CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 256B. Dragnea, C. Chen, E.-S. Kwak, B. Stein, C. C. Kao, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 6374–6375.
- 257C. Bohren, D. Huffmann, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, Wiley, New York, 1983.
- 258G. Raschke, S. Kowarik, T. Franzl, C. Sönnichsen, T. A. Klar, J. Feldmann, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 935–938.
- 259
- 259aS. R. Nicewarner-Peña, A. J. Carado, K. E. Shale, C. D. Keating, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 7360–7367;
- 259bS. R. Nicewarner-Pena, R. G. Freeman, B. D. Reiss, L. He, D. J. Pena, I. D. Walton, R. Cromer, C. D. Keating, M. J. Natan, Science 2001, 294, 137–141;
- 259cN. S. Birenbaum, B. T. Lai, C. S. Chen, D. H. Reich, G. J. Meyer, Langmuir 2003, 19, 9580–9582.
- 260J.-M. Nam, C. S. Thaxton, C. A. Mirkin, Science 2003, 301, 1884–1886.
- 261D. A. Schultz, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2003, 14, 13–22.
- 262M. G. Ryadnov, B. Ceyhan, C. M. Niemeyer, D. N. Woolfson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 9388–9394.
- 263S.-F. Cheng, L.-K. Chau, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 16–21.
- 264E. Hutter, M.-P. Pileni, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 6497–6499.
- 265
- 265aA. J. Haes, R. P. Van Duyne, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10 596–10 604;
- 265bJ. C. Riboh, A. J. Haes, A. D. McFarland, C. R. Yonzon, R. P. Van Duyne, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 1772–1780;
- 265cA. J. Haes, S. Zou, G. C. Schatz, R. P. Van Duyne, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 109–116.
- 266M. Zayats, S. P. Pogorelova, A. B. Kharitonov, O. Lioubashevski, E. Katz, I. Willner, Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 6108–6114.
- 267
- 267aO. Lioubashevski, V. Chegel, F. Patolsky, E. Katz, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7133–7143;
- 267bM. Zayats, A. B. Kharitonov, S. P. Pogorelova, O. Lioubashevski, E. Katz, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 16 006–16 014.
- 268
- 268aH. Kneipp, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, M. S. Feld, Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2957–2975;
- 268bA. Campion, P. Kambhampati, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1998, 27, 241–250.
- 269
- 269aC. D. Keating, K. M. Kovaleski, M. J. Natan, J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 9404–9413;
- 269bC. D. Keating, K. M. Kovaleski, M. J. Natan, J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 9414–9425.
- 270
- 270aF. T. Docherty, M. Clark, G. McNay, D. Graham, W. E. Smith, Faraday Discuss. 2004, 126, 281–288;
- 270bY. C. Cao, R. Jin, J.-M. Nam, C. S. Thaxton, C. A. Mirkin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 14 676–14 677;
- 270cK. Faulds, W. E. Smith, D. Graham, Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 412–417.
- 271
- 271aD. S. Grubisha, R. J. Lipert, H.-Y. Park, J. Driskell, M. D. Porter, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 5936–5943;
- 271bS. Xu, X. Ji, W. Xu, X. Li, L. Wang, Y. Bai, B. Zhao, Y. Ozaki, Analyst 2004, 129, 63–68.
- 272
- 272aB. M. Lingerfelt, H. Mattoussi, E. R. Goldman, M. Mauro, G. P. Anderson, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 4043–4049;
- 272bL.-Y. Wang, L. Wang, F. Gao, Z.-Y. Yu, Z.-M. Wu, Analyst 2002, 127, 977–980;
- 272cL.-Y. Wang, X.-W. Kan, M.-C. Zhang, C.-Q. Zhu, L, Wang, Analyst 2002, 127, 1531–1534;
- 272dL. Wang, L. Wang, C. Zhu, X. W. Wei, X. Kan, Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 468, 35–41;
- 272eL.-Y. Wang, Y.-Y. Zhou, L. Wang, C.-Q. Zhu, Y.-X. Li, F. Gao, Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 466, 87–92;
- 272fE. R. Goldman, E. D. Balighian, H. Mattoussi, M. K. Kuno, J. M. Mauro, P. T. Tran, G. P. Anderson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 6378–6382;
- 272gD. Gerion, W. J. Parak, S. C. Williams, D. Zanchet, C. M. Micheel, A. P. Alivisatos, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 7070–7074;
- 272hS. Kim, M. G. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 14 652–14 653;
- 272iW. C. W. Chan, S. Nie, Science 1998, 281, 2016–2018.
- 273J. Malicka, I. Gryczynski, J. R. Lakowicz, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 306, 213–218.
- 274N. Lochner, C. Lobmaier, M. Wirth, A. Leitner, F. Pittner, F. Gabor, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2003, 56, 469–477.
- 275F. Patolsky, R. Gill, Y. Weizmann, T. Mokari, U. Banin, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 13 918–13 919.
- 276A. R. Clapp, I. L. Medintz, J. M. Mauro, B. R. Fisher, M. G. Bawendi, H. Mattoussi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 301–310.
- 277I. L. Medintz, S. A. Trammell, H. Mattoussi, J. M. Mauro, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 30–31.
- 278
- 278aX. Zhao, R. Tapec-Dytioco, W. Tan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11 474–11 475;
- 278bW. Yang, C. G. Zhang, H. Y. Qu, H. H. Yang, J. G. Xua, Anal. Chim. Acta 2004, 503, 163–169.
- 279
- 279a Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers (Hrsg.: ), Plenum, New York, 1997;
- 279bK. Nishimura, M. Hasegawa, Y. Ogura, T. Nishi, K. Kataoka, H. Handa, M. Abe, J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 91, 8555–8556;
- 279cC. Grüttner, J. Teller, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1999, 194, 8–15;
- 279dR. V. Mehta, R. V. Upadhyay, S. W. Charles, C. N. Ramchand, Biotechnol. Tech. 1997, 11, 493–496;
- 279eD. C. F. Chan, D. B. Kirpotin, P. A. Bunn, Jr., J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 1993, 122, 374–378
- 279fR. F. Borch, M. D. Bernstein, H. D. Durst, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 2897–2898;
- 279gP. M. Dey, Eur. J. Biochem. 1984, 140, 385–390;
- 279hB. A. Schwartz, G. R. Gray, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1977, 181, 542–548;
- 279iQ. A. Pankhurst, J. Connolly, S. K. Jones, J. Dobson, J. Phys. D 2003, 36, R 167–R181;
- 279jC. C. Berry, A. S. G. Curtis, J. Phys. D 2003, 36, R 198–R206;
- 279kJ. Ugelstad, P. Stenstad, L. Kilaas, W. S. Prestvik, R. Herje, A. Berge, E. Hornes, Blood Purif. 1993, 11, 349–369;
- 279lM. Uhlén, Nature 1989, 340, 733–744;
- 279m Advances in Biomagnetic Separation (Hrsg.: ), Eaton, Natick, 1994;
- 279nM. Shinkai, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2002, 94, 606–613;
- 279oA. S. Arbab, L. A. Bashaw, B. R. Miller, E. K. Jordan, B. K. Lewis, H. Kalish, J. A. Frank, Radiology 2003, 229, 838–846;
- 279pY. H. Zhu, X. L. Yang, P. L. Li, H. Ying, Progr. Chem. 2003, 15, 512–517;
- 279qA. M. Koch, F. Reynolds, M. F. Kircher, H. P. Merkle, R. Weissleder, L. Josephson, Bioconjugate Chem. 2003, 14, 1115–1121;
- 279rA. K. Gupta, A. S. G. Curtis, Biomaterials 2004, 25, 3029–3040;
- 279sD. Wang, J. He, N. Rosenzweig, Z. Rosenzweig, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 409–413;
- 279tA. K. Gupta, C. Berry, M. Gupta, A. Curtis, IEEE Trans. Nanobioscience 2003, 2, 255–261.
- 280
- 280aF.-H. Wang, T. Yoshitake, D.-K. Kim, M. Muhammed, B. Bjelke, Jan Kehr, J. Nanopart. Res. 2003, 5, 137–146;
- 280bS. Bucak, D. A. Jones, P. E. Laibinis, T. A. Hatton, Biotechnol. Prog. 2003, 19, 477–484.
- 281
- 281aS. V. Sonti, A. Bose, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1995, 170, 575–585;
- 281bJ. Roger, J. N. Pons, R. Massart, A. Halbreich, J. C. Bacri, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 1999, 5, 321–325.
- 282
- 282aH. Gu, P.-L. Ho, K. W. T. Tsang, C.-W. Yu B. Xu, Chem. Commun. 2003, 1966–1967;
- 282bH. Gu, P.-L. Ho, K. W. T. Tsang, L. Wang, B. Xu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15 702–15 703.
- 283X. Zhao, R. Tapec-Dytioco, K. Wang, W. Tan, Anal. Chem. 2003, 75, 3476–3483.
- 284D. L. Graham, H. A. Ferreira, P. P. Freitas, J. M. S. Cabral, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 18, 483–488.
- 285M. Fang, P. S. Grant, M. J. McShane, G. B. Sukhorukov, V. O. Golub, Y. M. Lvov, Langmuir 2002, 18, 6338–6344.
- 286J. Hoinville, A. Bewick, D. Gleeson, R. Jones, O. Kasyutich, E. Mayes, A. Nartowski, B. Warne, J. Wiggins, K. Wong, J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93, 7187- 7189.
- 287L. Shen, P. E. Laibinis, T. A. Hatton, Langmuir 1999, 15, 447–453.
- 288T. Hyeon, Chem. Commun. 2003, 927–934.
- 289S. Sun, H. Zeng, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 8204–8205.
- 290M. Chen, S. Yamamuro, D. Farrell, S. A. Majetich, J. Appl. Phys. 2003, 93, 7551–7553.
- 291
- 291aX. Gao, K. M. K. Yu, K. Y. Tam, S. C. Tsang, Chem. Commun. 2003, 2998–2999;
- 291bH.-H. Yang, S.-Q. Zhang, X.-L. Chen, Z.-X. Zhuang, J.-G. Xu, X.-R. Wang, Anal. Chem. 2004, 76, 1316–1321.
- 292
- 292aT. Tanaka, T. Matsunaga, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 3518–3522;
- 292bC. R. Martin, D. T. Mitchell, Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 322A–327A.
- 293
- 293aA. Dyal, K. Loos, M. Noto, S. W. Chang, C. Spagnoli, K. V. P. M. Shafi, A. Ulman, M. Cowman, R. A. Gross, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1684–1685;
- 293bM. Ma, Y. Zhang, W. Yu, H. Shen, H. Zhang, N. Gu, Colloids Surf. A 2003, 212, 219–226;
- 293cS.-H. Huang, M.-H. Liao, D.-H. Chen, Biotechnol. Prog. 2003, 19, 1095–1100;
- 293dD. Cao, P. He, N. Hu, Analyst 2003, 128, 1268–1274.
- 294
- 294aM. Shinkai, H. Honda, T. Kobayashi, Biocatalysis 1991, 5, 61–69;
- 294bM.-H. Liao, D.-H. Chen, Biotechnol. Lett. 2001, 23, 1723–1727.
- 295M.-H. Liao, D.-H. Chen, Biotechnol. Lett. 2002, 24, 1913–1917.
- 296S. Mornet, A. Vekris, J. Bonnet, E. Duguet, F. Grasset, J.-H. Choy, J. Portier, Mater. Lett. 2000, 42, 183–188.
- 297L. E. Euliss, S. G. Grancharov, S. O'Brien, T. J. Deming, G. D. Stucky, C. B. Murray, G. A. Held, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1489–1493.
- 298
- 298a Biomimetic Materials Chemistry (Hrsg.: ), VCH, New York, 1996;
- 298bChem. Commun. 2004, 1–4 (Focus Article).
- 299
- 299aF. C. Meldrum, V. J. Wade, D. L. Nimmo, B. R. Heywood, S. Mann, Nature 1991, 349, 684–687;
- 299bF. C. Meldrum, B. R. Heywood, S. Mann, Science 1992, 257, 522–523;
- 299cT. Douglas, V. T. Stark, Inorg. Chem. 2000, 39, 1828–1830;
- 299dT. Douglas, M. Young, Nature 1998, 393, 152–155;
- 299eT. Douglas, M. Young, Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 679–681;
- 299fC. E. Flynn, S.-W. Lee, B. R. Peelle, A. M. Belcher, Acta Mater. 2003, 51, 5867–5880;
- 299gM. L. Flenniken, D. A. Willits, S. Brumfield, M. J. Young, T. Douglas, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1573–1576.
- 300S. Mann, F. C. Meldrum, Adv. Mater. 1991, 3, 316–318.
- 301D. P. E. Dickson, S. A. Walton, S. Mann, K. Wong, Nanostruct. Mater. 1997, 9, 595–598.
- 302K. K. W. Wong, T. Douglas, S. Gider, D. D. Awschalom, S. Mann, Chem. Mater. 1998, 10, 279–285.
- 303
- 303aK. C. Martin, S. M. Villano, P. R. McCurdy, D. C. Zapien, Langmuir 2003, 19, 5808–5812;
- 303bM. Tominaga, I. Taniguchiy, Chem. Lett. 2003, 954–955;
- 303cF. Marken, D. Patel, C. E. Madden, R. C. Millward, S. Fletcher, New J. Chem. 2002, 26, 259–263.
- 304M. Allen, D. Willits, J. Mosolf, M. Young, T. Douglas, Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 1562–1565.
- 305
- 305aM. Bozzi, G. Mignogna, S. Stefanini, D. Barra, C. Longhi, P. Valenti, E. Chiancone, J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 3259–3265;
- 305bA. Ilari, S. Stefanini, E. Chiancone, D. Tsernoglou, Nat. Struct. Biochem. J. 2000, 7, 38–43.
- 306
- 306aS. Stefanini, S. Cavallo, B. Montagnini, E. Chiancone, Biochem. J. 1999, 338, 71–75;
- 306bX. Yang, E. Chiancone, S. Stefanini, A. Ilari, N. D. Chasteen, Biochem. J. 2000, 349, 783–786.
- 307T. Douglas, E. Strable, D. Willits, A. Aitouchen, M. Libera, M. Young, Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 415–418.
- 308E. Bäuerlein, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 636–664;
10.1002/ange.200390144 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 614–641.
- 309R. P. Blakemore, D. Maratea, R. S. Wolfe, J. Bacteriol. 1979, 140, 720–729.
- 310T. Matsunaga, F. Tadokoro, N. Nakamura, IEEE Trans. Magn. 1990, 26, 1557–1559.
- 311T. Matsunaga, T. Sakaguchi, F. Tadokoro, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1991, 35, 651–655.
- 312K. H. Scheifer, D. Schuler, S. Spring, M. Weizenegger, R. Amann, W. Ludwig, M. Kohler, Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 1991, 14, 379–385.
- 313
- 313aY. A. Gorby, T. J. Beveridge, R. P. Blakemore, J. Bacteriol. 1988, 170, 834–841;
- 313bT. Matsunaga, Trends Biotechnol. 1991, 9, 91–95.
- 314T. Matsunaga, H. Takeyama, Supramol. Sci. 1998, 5, 391–394.
- 315
- 315aN. Nakamura, K. Hashimoto, T. Matsunaga, Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 268–272;
- 315bN. Nakamura, J. G. Burgess, K. Yagiuda, S. Kudo, T. Sakaguchi, T. Matsunaga, Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 2036–2039;
- 315cN. Nakamura, T. Matsunaga, Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 281, 585–589.
- 316T. Matsunaga, M. Kawasaki, X. Yu, N. Tsujimura, N. Nakamura, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 3551–3554.
- 317K. Sode, S. Kudo, T. Sakaguchi, N. Nakamura, T. Matsunaga, Biotechnol. Tech. 1993, 7, 688–694.
- 318H. Takeyama, A. Yamazawa, N. Nakamura, T. Matsunaga, Biotechnol. Tech. 1995, 9, 355–360.
- 319
- 319aJ. Li, X. He, Z. Wu, K. Wang, G. Shen, R. Yu, Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 481, 191–198;
- 319bV. Kourilov, M. Steinitz, Anal. Biochem. 2002, 311, 166–170;
- 319cTadashi Matsunaga, F. Ueki, K. Obata, H. Tajima, T. Tanaka, H. Takeyama, Y. Goda, S. Fujimoto, Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 475, 75–83;
- 319dH. Furukawa, R. Shimojyo, N. Ohnishi, H. Fukuda, A. Kondo, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2003, 62, 478–483.
- 320R. Wilson, Chem. Commun. 2003, 108–109.
- 321Z.-L. Zhi, Y. Murakami, Y. Morita, Q. Hasan, E. Tamiya, Anal. Biochem. 2003, 318, 236–243.
- 322J. M. Perez, F. J. Simeone, Y. Saeki, L. Josephson, R. Weissleder, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 10 192–10 193.
- 323J. Wang, A.-N. Kawde, A. Erdem, M. Salazar, Analyst 2001, 126, 2020–2024.
- 324J. Wang, A.-N. Kawde, Electrochem. Commun. 2002, 4, 349–352.
- 325J. Wang, D. Xu, R. Polsky, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4208–4209.
- 326H. Cai, Y. Wang, P. He, Y. Fang, Anal. Chim. Acta 2002, 469, 165–172.
- 327J. Wang, G. Liu, A. Merkoçi, Anal. Chim. Acta 2003, 482, 149–155.
- 328T. Yoshino, T. Tanaka, H. Takeyama, T. Matsunaga, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 18, 661–666.
- 329
- 329aR. Hirsch, E. Katz, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12 053–12 054;
- 329bE. Katz, L. Sheeney-Haj-Ichia, I. Willner, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 4138–4148.
10.1002/1521-3765(20020916)8:18<4138::AID-CHEM4138>3.0.CO;2-Z CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 330I. Willner, E. Katz, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 4724–4737; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 4576–4588.
- 331
- 331aE. Katz, T. Lötzbeyer, D. D. Schlereth, W. Schuhmann, H.-L. Schmidt, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1994, 373, 189–200;
- 331bI. Willner, A. Riklin, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 1535–1539.
- 332
- 332aA. Bardea, E. Katz, A. F. Bückmann, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9114–9119;
- 332bM. Zayats, E. Katz, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14 724–14 735.
- 333A. F. Bückmann, V. Wray, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. 1992, 15, 303–310.
- 334E. Katz, L. Sheeney-Haj-Ichia, A. F. Bückmann, I. Willner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 1399–1402;
10.1002/1521-3757(20020415)114:8<1399::AID-ANGE1399>3.0.CO;2-W Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1343–1346.10.1002/1521-3773(20020415)41:8<1343::AID-ANIE1343>3.0.CO;2-K CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 335E. Katz, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10 290–10 291.
- 336A. J. Bard, L. R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley, New York, 1980.
- 337Y. Weizmann, F. Patolsky, E. Katz, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3452–3454.
- 338F. Patolsky, Y. Weizmann, E. Katz, I. Willner, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 2474–2478;
10.1002/ange.200250379 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 2372–2376.
- 339F. Patolsky, Y. Weizmann, E. Katz, I. Willner, ChemBioChem 2004, 5, 943–948.
- 340
- 340aR. Raiteri, M. Grattarola, H. J. Butt, P. Skládal, Sens. Actuators B 2001, 79, 115–126;
- 340bM. Sepaniak, P. Datskos, N. Lavrik, C. Tipple, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 568A–575A.
- 341M. Lahav, C. Durkan, R. Gabai, E. Katz, I. Willner, M. E. Welland, Angew. Chem. 2001, 113, 4219–4221;
10.1002/1521-3757(20011105)113:21<4219::AID-ANGE4219>3.0.CO;2-5 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 4095–4098.10.1002/1521-3773(20011105)40:21<4095::AID-ANIE4095>3.0.CO;2-9 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 342J. Fritz, M. K. Baller, H. P. Lang, H. Rothuizen, P. Vettinger, E. Meyer, H.-J. Güntherodt, C. Gerber, J. K. Gimzewski, Science 2000, 288, 316–318.
- 343R. P. Cowburn, A. M. Moulin, M. E. Welland, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997, 71, 2202–2204.
- 344E. Paleček, S. Billová, L. Havran, R. Kizwek, A. Mičulková, F. Jelen, Talanta 2002, 56, 919–930.
- 345Y. Weizmann, F. Patolsky, O. Lioubashevski, I. Willner, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 1073–1080.
- 346N. I. Kovtyukhova, T. E. Mallouk, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 4354–4363.
10.1002/1521-3765(20021004)8:19<4354::AID-CHEM4354>3.0.CO;2-1 CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 347W. E. Ford, O. Harnack, A. Yasuda, J. M. Wessels, Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1793–1797.
- 348W. Shenton, T. Douglas, M. Young, G. Stubbs, S. Mann, Adv. Mater. 1999, 11, 253–256.
- 349S. R. Hall, W. Shenton, H. Engelhardt, S. Mann, ChemPhysChem 2001, 2, 184–186.
10.1002/1439-7641(20010316)2:3<184::AID-CPHC184>3.0.CO;2-J CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 350M. Pazirandeh, S. Baral, J. Cambell, Biomimetics 1992, 1, 41–47.
- 351
- 351aR. Kirsch, M. Mertig, W. Pompe, R. Wahl, G. Sadowski, K. J. Böhm, E. Unger, Thin Solid Films 1997, 305, 248–253;
- 351bM. Mertig, R. Kirsch, W. Pompe, Appl. Phys. A 1998, 66, S 723–S727;
- 351cW. Fritzsche, K. J. Böhm, E. Unger, J. M. Köhler, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999, 75, 2854–2856.
- 352E. Unger, K.-J. Böhm, W. Vater, Electron Microsc. Rev. 1990, 3, 355–395.
- 353S. Behrens, K. Rahn, W. Habicht, K.-J. Böhm, H. Rösner, E. Dinjus, E. Unger, Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 1621–1625.
- 354
- 354aM. Sára, U. B. Sleytr, J. Bacteriol. 2000, 182, 859–868;
- 354bU. B. Sleytr, P. Messner, D. Pum, M. Sára, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 1098–1120;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19990419)111:8<1098::AID-ANGE1098>3.0.CO;2-F Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 1034–1054;10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19990419)38:8<1034::AID-ANIE1034>3.0.CO;2-# CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 354cE. S. Györvary, A. O'Riordan, A. J. Quinn, G. Redmond, D. Pum, U. B. Sleytr, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 315–319;
- 354dU. B. Sleytr, M. Sára, D. Pum, B. Schuster, Prog. Surf. Sci. 2001, 68, 231–278;
- 354eD. Pum, U. B. Sleytr, Trends Biotechnol. 1999, 17, 8–12.
- 355M. Reches, E. Gazit, Science 2003, 300, 625–627.
- 356B. Yang, S. Kamiya, K. Yoshida, T. Shimizu, Chem. Commun. 2004, 500–501.
- 357Y. Xia, G. M. Whitesides, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 568–594;
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 550–575.
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980316)37:5<550::AID-ANIE550>3.0.CO;2-G CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 358
- 358aR. Djalali, Y. Chen, H. Matsui, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 13 660–13 661;
- 358bR. Djalali, Y. Chen, H. Matsui, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 5873–5879;
- 358cL. Yu, I. A. Banerjee, H. Matsui, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 14 837–14 840.
- 359
- 359aH. Matsui, B. Gologan, J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 3383–3386;
- 359bT. Shimizu, M. Kogiso, M. Masuda, Nature 1996, 383, 487–488;
- 359cM. Kogiso, S. Ohnishi, K. Yase, M. Masuda, T. Shimizu, Langmuir 1998, 14, 4978–4986;
- 359dT. Shimizu, M. Kogiso, M. Masuda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6209–6210.
- 360J. M. Slocik, J. T. Moore, D. W. Wright, Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 169–173.
- 361T. Scheibel, R. Parthasarathy, G. Sawicki, X.-M. Lin, H. Jaeger, S. L. Lindquist, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 4527–4532.
- 362I. A. Banerjee, L. Yu, H. Matsui, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 283–287.
- 363
- 363aR. D. Vale, J. Cell Biol. 2003, 163, 445–450;
- 363bC. G. dos Remedios, P. D. J. Moens, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1995, 1228, 99–124.
- 364F. Patolsky, Y. Weizmann, I. Willner, Nat. Mater. 2004, 3, 692–695.
- 365
- 365aN. C. Seeman, Acc. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 357–363;
- 365bN. C. Seeman, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 3408–3428;
10.1002/(SICI)1521-3757(19981204)110:23<3408::AID-ANGE3408>3.0.CO;2-S Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 3220–3238;10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981217)37:23<3220::AID-ANIE3220>3.0.CO;2-C CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 365cX. Yang, L. A. Wenzler, J. Qi, X. Li, N. C. Seeman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9779–9786;
- 365dJ. Wengel, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2004, 2, 277–280;
- 365eD. Liu, M. Wang, Z. Deng, R. Walulu, C. Mao, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 2324–2325.
- 366D. Zanchet, C. M. Micheel, W. J. Parak, D. Gerion, A. P. Alivisatos, Nano Lett. 2001, 1, 32–35.
- 367
- 367aY. Liu, W. Meyer-Zaika, S. Franzka, G. Schmid, M. Tsoli, H. Kuhn, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 2959–2963; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 2853–2857;
- 367bG. Wang, R. W. Murray, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 95–101.
- 368O. Harnack, W. E. Ford, A. Yasuda, J. M. Wessels, Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 919–923.
- 369
- 369aS. O. Kelley, J. K. Barton, Science 1999, 283, 375–381;
- 369bM. Ratner, Nature 1999, 397, 480–481.
- 370Y. Asai, J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, 4647–4652.
- 371
- 371aT. Carell, C. Behrens, J. Gierlich, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2003, 1, 2221–2228;
- 371bD. Hennig, J. F. R. Archilla, J. Agarwal, Physica D 2003, 180, 256–272;
- 371cM. A. O'Neill, H.-C. Becker, C. Wan, J. K. Barton, A. H. Zewail, Angew. Chem. 2003, 115, 6076–6080;
10.1002/ange.200352831 Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 5896–5900.
- 372
- 372aD. D. Eley, R. B. Leslie, Nature 1963, 197, 898–899;
- 372bH.-W. Fink, C. Schönenberger, Nature 1999, 398, 407–410.
- 373
- 373aP. Tran, B. Alavi, G. Gruner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 1564–1567;
- 373bL. T. Cai, H. Tabata, T. Kawai, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 3105–3106;
- 373cY. Okahata, T. Kobayashi, K. Tanaka, M. Shimomura, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6165–6166.
- 374
- 374aP. J. de Pablo, F. Moreno-Herrero, J. Colchero, J. Gómez-Herrero, P. Herrero, A. M. Baró, P. Ordejón, J. M. Soler, E. Artacho, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 4992–4995;
- 374bM. Bockrath, N. Markovic, A. Shepard, M. Tinkham, L. Gurevich, L. P. Kouwenhoven, M. W. Wu, L. L. Sohn, Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 187–190;
- 374cA. J. Storm, J. van Noort, S. de Vries, C. Dekker, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 79, 3881–3883.
- 375C. F. Monson, A. T. Woolley, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 359–363.
- 376F. Patolsky, Y. Weizmann, O. Lioubashevski, I. Willner, Angew. Chem. 2002, 114, 2429–2433;
10.1002/1521-3757(20020703)114:13<2429::AID-ANGE2429>3.0.CO;2-G Google ScholarAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2323–2327.10.1002/1521-3773(20020703)41:13<2323::AID-ANIE2323>3.0.CO;2-H CAS PubMed Web of Science® Google Scholar
- 377T. Yonezawa, S. Onoue, N. Kimizuka, Chem. Lett. 2002, 1172–1173.
- 378H. Nakao, H. Shiigi, Y. Yamamoto, S. Tokonami, T. Nagaoka, S. Sugiyama, T. Ohtani, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1391–1394.
- 379R. J. Preston, Radiat. Res. 1997, 147, 529–534.
- 380
- 380aM. A. Blasco, Eur. J. Cell Biol. 2003, 82, 441–446;
- 380bP. J. Perry, J. R. P. Arnold, T. C. Jenkins, Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs 2001, 10, 2141–2156.
- 381C. Testorelli, J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 22, 165–169.
- 382Y. Weizmann, F. Patolsky, I. Popov, I. Willner, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 787–792.
- 383
- 383aJ. Richter, M. Mertig, W. Pompe, I. Mönch, H. K. Schackert, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001, 78, 536–538;
- 383bR. Hölzel, N. Gajovic-Eichelmann, F. F. Bier, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2003, 18, 555–564.
- 384K. Keren, M. Krueger, R. Gilad, G. Ben-Yoseph, U. Sivan, E. Braun, Science 2002, 297, 72–75.
- 385K. Keren, R. S. Berman, E. Braun, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 323–326.
- 386Z. Deng, C. Mao, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1545–1548.
- 387J. Hu, Y. Zhang, H. Gao, M. Li, U. Hartmann, Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 55–57.
- 388H. Yan, S. H. Park, G. Finkelstein, J. H. Reif, T. H. LaBean, Science 2003, 301, 1882–1884.
- 389H. Li, S. H. Park, J. H. Reif, T. H. LaBean, H. Yan, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 418–419.
- 390
- 390aZ. Dogic, S. Fraden, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 2417–2420;
- 390bZ. Dogic, S. Fraden, Langmuir 2000, 16, 7820–7824.
- 391S.-W. Lee, C. Mao, C. E. Flynn, A. M. Belcher, Science 2002, 296, 892–895.
- 392
- 392aS.-W. Lee, S. Kwan, A. M. Belcher, Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 689–692;
- 392bC. Mao, D. J. Solis, B. D. Reiss, S. T. Kottmann, R. Y. Sweeney, A. Hayhurst, G. Georgiou, B. Iverson, A. M. Belcher, Science 2004, 303, 213–217.
- 393
- 393aE. Dujardin, C. Peet, G. Stubbs, J. N. Culver, S. Mann, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 413–417;
- 393bM. Knez, M. Sumser, A. M. Bittner, C. Wege, H. Jeske, T. P. Martin, K. Kern, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 116–124;
- 393cA. S. Blum, C. M. Soto, C. D. Wilson, J. D. Cole, M. Kim, B. Gnade, A. Chatterji, W. F. Ochoa, T. Lin, J. E. Johnson, B. R. Ratna, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 867–870.
- 394M. Knez, A. M. Bittner, F. Boes, C. Wege, H. Jeske, E. Mai, K. Kern, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1079–1082.
- 395Y. Cui, Q. Wei, H. Park, C. M. Lieber, Science 2001, 293, 1289–1292.
- 396
- 396aR. J. Chen, S. Bangsaruntip, K. A. Drouvalakis, N. W. S. Kam, M. Shim, Y. Li, W. Kim, P. J. Utz, H. Dai, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 4984–4989;
- 396bA. Star, J.-C. P. Gabriel, K. Bradley, G. Gruner, Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 459–463.
- 397
- 397aJ. Hahm, C. M. Lieber, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 51–54;
- 397bZ. Li, Y. Chen, X. Li, T. I. Kamins, K. Nauka, R. S. Williams, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 245–247.
- 398G. D. Bachand, S. B. Rivera, A. K. Boal, J. Gaudioso, J. Liu, B. C. Bunker, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 817–821.
- 399
- 399aC. Grogan, R. Raiteri, G. M. O'Connor, T. J. Glynn, V. Cunningham, M. Kane, M. Charlton, D. Leech, Biosens. Bioelectron. 2002, 17, 201–207;
- 399bD. P. Allison, P. Hinterdorfer, W. H. Han, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2002, 13, 47–51;
- 399cG. H. Wu, R. H. Datar, K. M. Hansen, T. Thundat, R. J. Cote, A. Majumdar, Nat. Biotechnol. 2001, 19, 856–860.
- 400
- 400aH. Clausen-Schaumann, M. Rief, M. Seitz, ChemPhysChem 2000, 1, 89–92;
- 400bK. M. Hansen, H.-F. Ji, G. H. Wu, R. Datar, R. Cote, A. Majumdar, T. Thundat, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 1567–1571.
- 401A. M. Rawlett, T. J. Hopson, I. Amlani, R. Zhang, J. Tresek, L. A. Nagahara, R. K. Tsui, H. Goronkin, Nanotechnology 2003, 14, 377–384.
- 402W. Fritzsche, T. A. Taton, Nanotechnology 2003, 14, R 63–R73.
- 403R. Möller, A. Csaki, W. Fritzsche, Tech. Mess. 2003, 70, 582–584.
- 404A. C. S. Samia, X. Chen, C. Burda, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 15 736–15 737.
- 405P. R. Lockman, M. O. Oyewumi, J. M. Koziara, K. E. Roder, R. J. Mumper, D. D. Allen, J. Controlled Release 2003, 93, 271–282.
- 406T. M. Allen, P. R. Cullis, Science 2004, 303, 1818–1822.
- 407
- 407aA. K. Salem, P. C. Searson, K. W. Leong, Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 668–671;
- 407bZ. R. Cui, R. J. Mumper, Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 2003, 20, 103–137;
- 407cD. Luo, E. Han, N. Belcheva, W. M. Saltzman, J. Controlled Release 2004, 95, 333–341.
- 408A. D. Miller, ChemBioChem 2004, 5, 53–54.
- 409A. A. G. Requicha, Proc. IEEE 2003, 91, 1922–1933.
- 410
- 410aH. J. De los Santos, Proc. IEEE 2003, 91, 1907–1921;
- 410bM. Forshaw, R. Stadler, D. Crawley, K. Nikolic, Nanotechnology 2004, 15, S 220-S223.
- 411M. Sarikaya, C. Tamerler, A. K. Y. Jen, K. Schulten, F. Baneyx, Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 577–585.
Citing Literature
This is the
German version
of Angewandte Chemie.
Note for articles published since 1962:
Do not cite this version alone.
Take me to the International Edition version with citable page numbers, DOI, and citation export.
We apologize for the inconvenience.