Brazil nut supplementation does not affect trimethylamine-n-oxide plasma levels in patients with coronary artery disease
Corresponding Author
Karen Salve Coutinho-Wolino
Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Correspondence
Karen Salve Coutinho-Wolino, Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Mário Santos Braga 30, Niterói, RJ – Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorBeatriz Oliveira da Cruz
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorLudmila F. M. De F. Cardozo
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorIgor Alexandre Fernandes
Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Physiology and Pharmacology), Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorClaudio Tinoco Mesquita
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Stenvinkel
Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Bergman
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorDenise Mafra
Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMilena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Karen Salve Coutinho-Wolino
Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Correspondence
Karen Salve Coutinho-Wolino, Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Mário Santos Braga 30, Niterói, RJ – Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorBeatriz Oliveira da Cruz
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorLudmila F. M. De F. Cardozo
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorIgor Alexandre Fernandes
Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Physiology and Pharmacology), Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorClaudio Tinoco Mesquita
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Stenvinkel
Renal Medicine and Baxter Novum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Contribution: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorPeter Bergman
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Visualization, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorDenise Mafra
Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMilena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorFunding informationThis work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) [001] and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) [Process E-26/203.269/2017]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to assess the effect of Brazil nut supplementation on trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with CAD were randomly assigned to two groups, Brazil nut group (23 patients, 48% male, 62.7 ± 6.8 years, 29.4 ± 5.8 kg/m2), which received one Brazil nut per day for 3 months, and the control group (14 patients, 43% male, 63.7 ± 8.7 years, 28.4 ± 4.2 kg/m2) who did not receive any supplementation. After 3 months, TMAO levels and their precursors did not change in either group. Although not significant, GPx activity increased by 41% in the Brazil nut group. TMAO levels were negatively associated with total fiber intake (r = −0.385 and p = .02). A 3-month Brazil nut supplementation did not change TMAO levels and GPx activity in CAD patients.
Practical applications
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) has been associated with oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease risk. Thus, the increase in antioxidants enzymes production could be a promising strategy to reduce TMAO-mediated oxidative stress. In this context, nutritional strategies are well-known as activators of cellular antioxidant responses. As Brazil nuts have a known role in reducing oxidative stress by increasing glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (a selenium-dependent antioxidant enzyme), this study hypothesized that Brazil nuts could be a strategy that, via antioxidant capacity, would reduce TMAO plasma levels. Although no changes in TMAO levels and GPx activity can be observed in this study, it is believed that other results can be obtained depending on the dosage used. Thus, this study can open new paths and direct other studies with different doses and treatment times to evaluate the effects of Brazil Nuts on TMAO levels.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data analyzed during this study are available from the corresponding author on request.
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