Association between eating frequency, weight, and health
Michelle A Palmer,
Sandra Capra,
Surinder K Baines,
Corresponding Author
Michelle A Palmer
School of Public Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia and the School of Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
M Palmer, School of Public Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia. E-mail: [email protected], Phone: +62-2-5552-8351, Fax: +61-2-5552-8042.Search for more papers by this authorSandra Capra
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorSurinder K Baines
University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorMichelle A Palmer,
Sandra Capra,
Surinder K Baines,
Corresponding Author
Michelle A Palmer
School of Public Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia and the School of Health Sciences, Newcastle University, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
M Palmer, School of Public Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia. E-mail: [email protected], Phone: +62-2-5552-8351, Fax: +61-2-5552-8042.Search for more papers by this authorSandra Capra
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorSurinder K Baines
University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
There is speculation amongst health professionals, the media, and the public regarding eating frequency (EF) and its impact on weight and health. Nutritional weight-loss and -maintenance interventions of longer than 1 week's duration were reviewed for associations between EF and weight and health. Of the 176 studies identified, 25 relevant studies matched the criteria and only 10 of these were weight-loss interventions. Generally, sample sizes were small, interventions were short-term, and a wide array of definitions was used to define an eating occasion. Several key outcomes such as physical activity, adherence to assigned EF, and hunger were often not measured. The limited evidence available suggests there is no association between EF and weight or health in either weight-loss or -maintenance interventions, with a possible inverse association between EF and lipids in weight-maintenance interventions. Longer term, larger studies that include important weight and health outcomes are needed.
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