The influence of parents, siblings and peers on pre- and early-teen smoking: A multilevel model
Corresponding Author
ADRIAN B. KELLY
Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
Adrian B. Kelly PhD, Principal Research Fellow, Martin O'Flaherty BA(Hons), Research Assistant, Jason P. Connor PhD, Director, Ross Homel PhD, Professor, John W. Toumbourou PhD, Professor and Chair in Health Psychology, George C. Patton PhD, Professor, Joanne Williams PhD, Senior Research Fellow. Assistant Professor Adrian B. Kelly, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, K Floor, Mental Health Centre, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia. Tel: +61 7 33655143; Fax: +61 7 33655488; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMARTIN O'FLAHERTY
Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
Search for more papers by this authorJASON P. CONNOR
Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
Search for more papers by this authorROSS HOMEL
Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia,
Search for more papers by this authorJOHN W. TOUMBOUROU
Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia,
Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia,
Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorGEORGE C. PATTON
Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia,
Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorJOANNE WILLIAMS
Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia,
Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
ADRIAN B. KELLY
Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
Adrian B. Kelly PhD, Principal Research Fellow, Martin O'Flaherty BA(Hons), Research Assistant, Jason P. Connor PhD, Director, Ross Homel PhD, Professor, John W. Toumbourou PhD, Professor and Chair in Health Psychology, George C. Patton PhD, Professor, Joanne Williams PhD, Senior Research Fellow. Assistant Professor Adrian B. Kelly, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, K Floor, Mental Health Centre, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia. Tel: +61 7 33655143; Fax: +61 7 33655488; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMARTIN O'FLAHERTY
Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
Search for more papers by this authorJASON P. CONNOR
Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
Discipline of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia,
Search for more papers by this authorROSS HOMEL
Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia,
Search for more papers by this authorJOHN W. TOUMBOUROU
Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia,
Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia,
Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorGEORGE C. PATTON
Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia,
Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorJOANNE WILLIAMS
Centre for Adolescent Health, Melbourne, Australia,
Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
Introduction and Aims. Despite considerable success in tobacco control, many teenagers in Australia and other industrialised countries still smoke tobacco. There is mixed evidence on the relative influence of proximal social networks (parents/siblings/peers) on pre- and early-teen smoking, and no research has examined how these influences compare after accounting for school- and community-level effects.The aim of this study was to compare the relative influences of parents, siblings and peers, after accounting for school- and community-level variation in smoking.
Design and Methods. A cross-sectional fixed and random effects model of smoking prevalence was used, with individuals (n = 7314) nested within schools (n = 231) nested within communities (n = 30). Grade 6 and 8 students (modal ages 11 and 13 years) completed an on-line survey. Key variables included parent/sibling/peer use. Controls included alcohol involvement, sensation seeking, pro-social beliefs, laws/norms about substance use and school commitment.
Results. There was significant variation in smoking at both the school and community levels, supporting the need for a multilevel model. Individual-level predictors accounted for much of the variance at higher levels. The strongest effects were for number of friends who smoke, sibling smoking and alcohol involvement. Smaller significant effects were found for parent smoking. At the community level, socioeconomic disadvantage was significant, but community-level variance in pro-social and drug-related laws/norms was not related to smoking.
Discussion and Conclusions. Cross-level interactions were generally non-significant. Early teenage smoking was best explained by sibling and peer smoking, and individual risks largely accounted for the substantial variation observed across schools and communities. In terms of future tobacco control, findings point to the utility of targeting families in disadvantaged communities.[Kelly AB, O'Flaherty M, Connor JP, Homel R, Toumbourou JW, Patton GC, Williams J. The influence of parents, siblings and peers on pre- and early-teen smoking: A multilevel model. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:381–387]
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