RESEARCH ARTICLE

Ecotoxicological and human health risk assessment of selected pesticides in Kurose River, Higashi-Hiroshima City (Japan)

Russel Chidya

Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Resources (equal), Software (equal), Validation (equal)

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Aly Derbalah,

Aly Derbalah

Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Department of Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

Contribution: Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Funding acquisition (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (equal), Visualization (equal)

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Sherif Abdel-Dayem,

Sherif Abdel-Dayem

Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Department of Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (equal)

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Chikumbusko Kaonga,

Chikumbusko Kaonga

Physics and Biochemical Sciences Department, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi

Contribution: Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Methodology (equal), Resources (equal), Validation (equal)

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Hiroshi Sakugawa,

Corresponding Author

Hiroshi Sakugawa

[email protected]

orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-3078

Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Correspondence

Hiroshi Sakugawa, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.

Email: [email protected]

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Funding acquisition (lead), Supervision (lead)

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Russel Chidya,

Russel Chidya

Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Department of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal), Resources (equal), Software (equal), Validation (equal)

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Aly Derbalah,

Aly Derbalah

Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Department of Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

Contribution: Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Funding acquisition (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (equal), Visualization (equal)

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Sherif Abdel-Dayem,

Sherif Abdel-Dayem

Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Department of Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (equal)

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Chikumbusko Kaonga,

Chikumbusko Kaonga

Physics and Biochemical Sciences Department, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi

Contribution: Data curation (equal), Formal analysis (equal), Methodology (equal), Resources (equal), Validation (equal)

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Hiroshi Sakugawa,

Corresponding Author

Hiroshi Sakugawa

[email protected]

orcid.org/0000-0002-1903-3078

Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Department of Environmental Dynamics and Management, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan

Correspondence

Hiroshi Sakugawa, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.

Email: [email protected]

Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Funding acquisition (lead), Supervision (lead)

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First published: 07 December 2021

https://doi.org/10.1002/wer.1676

Citations: 1

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Abstract

This study conducted an integrated approach combining monitoring and risk assessment of pesticides in Kurose River and its catchment area, Japan. Water samples (n = 168) were collected every month for 1 year (March 2016 to February 2017). Pesticides (cyanazine, simetryn, fenarimol, isoprothiolane, and diazinon) were extracted by Sep-Pack C18 cartridges and analyzed using a reversed-phase HPLC-UV system. The pesticides were also determined in non-target organisms Red algae (Audouinella sp.) and diatoms (Cocconeis placentula) from the river. Based on the residual concentrations, an ecotoxicological risk assessment was conducted using the risk quotient (RQ) index. The human health carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessments were evaluated using hazard quotients (HQ). Results showed that cyanazine was the most commonly detected (64%), followed by simetryn (58%), and diazinon (57%) in all the sample sites (n = 12). Except for isoprothiolane, the pesticides were highest in spring followed by summer, autumn and winter. Based on extreme values (ex), non-acceptable ecotoxicological risk was obtained for diazinon (RQ_ex = 21.317), cyanazine (RQ_ex = 3.129), simetryn (RQ_ex = 8.577) and fenarimol (RQ_ex = 10.855), while that of isoprothiolane (RQ_ex = 0.013) was negligible. Based on the HQ estimates, all the pesticides were below the threshold value of 1, hence pose no significant health risks to humans.

Practitioner Points

Pesticides affect non-target organisms in rivers and other aquatic systems
Pesticides were frequently detected in spring and summer and accumulated in red algae and diatom
The detected pesticides posed high ecotoxicological and human health risks

Graphical Abstract

To assess the impact of the some pesticides on the Kurose River, Japan, an integrated approach combining monitoring, assessment of environmental toxicity and human risk was used. Cyanazine was the most commonly detected, followed by simetryn and diazinon. Average concentrations of the selected pesticides were generally higher in spring followed by summer, autumn and winter. The study showed that there were unacceptable environmental toxicity risks for diazinon, cyanazine, simetryn and fenarimol, while the environmental risks for isoprothiolane were low. For adults and children, the risk was highest for diazinon, while isoprothiolane showed the lowest risk to humans.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Open Research

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

The data that support the finding of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Volume94, Issue1

January 2022

e1676