RESEARCH ARTICLE
Bioremediation of trichloroethylene-polluted groundwater using emulsified castor oil for slow carbon release and acidification control
Wei-Ting Chen,
Ku-Fan Chen,
Rao Y. Surmpalli,
Tian C. Zhang,
Jiun-Hau Ou,
Chih-Ming Kao,
Wei-Ting Chen
Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
Contribution: Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorKu-Fan Chen
Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Taiwan
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorRao Y. Surmpalli
Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Lenexa, Kansas, USA
WEF Members.Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Visualization (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorTian C. Zhang
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
WEF Members.Contribution: Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorJiun-Hau Ou
Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Chih-Ming Kao
Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
WEF Members.Correspondence
Chih-Ming Kao, Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Funding acquisition (equal), Project administration (equal), Resources (equal), Supervision (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorWei-Ting Chen,
Ku-Fan Chen,
Rao Y. Surmpalli,
Tian C. Zhang,
Jiun-Hau Ou,
Chih-Ming Kao,
Wei-Ting Chen
Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
Contribution: Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorKu-Fan Chen
Department of Civil Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Taiwan
Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Investigation (equal), Methodology (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorRao Y. Surmpalli
Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Lenexa, Kansas, USA
WEF Members.Contribution: Conceptualization (equal), Data curation (equal), Visualization (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorTian C. Zhang
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
WEF Members.Contribution: Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal), Validation (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorJiun-Hau Ou
Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
Contribution: Data curation (equal), Methodology (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Chih-Ming Kao
Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
WEF Members.Correspondence
Chih-Ming Kao, Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Funding acquisition (equal), Project administration (equal), Resources (equal), Supervision (equal)
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
In this study, the emulsified castor oil (ECO) substrate was developed for a long-term supplement of biodegradable carbon with pH buffering capacity to anaerobically bioremediate trichloroethylene (TCE)-polluted groundwater. The ECO was produced by mixing castor oil, surfactants (sapindales and soya lecithin [SL]), vitamin complex, and a citrate/sodium phosphate dibasic buffer system together for slow carbon release. Results of the emulsification experiments and microcosm tests indicate that ECO emulsion had uniform small droplets (diameter = 539 nm) with stable oil-in-water characteristics. ECO had a long-lasting, dispersive, negative zeta potential (−13 mv), and biodegradable properties (viscosity = 357 cp). Approximately 97% of TCE could be removed with ECO supplement after a 95-day operational period without the accumulation of TCE dechlorination byproducts (dichloroethylene and vinyl chloride). The buffer system could neutralize acidified groundwater, and citrate could be served as a primary substrate. ECO addition caused an abrupt TCE adsorption at the initial stage and the subsequent removal of adsorbed TCE. Results from the next generation sequences and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicate that the increased microbial communities and TCE-degrading bacterial consortia were observed after ECO addition. ECO could be used as a pH-control and carbon substrate to enhance anaerobic TCE biodegradation effectively.
Practitioner Points
- Emulsified castor oil (ECO) contains castor oil, surfactants, and buffer for a slow carbon release and pH control.
- ECO can be a long-term carbon source for trichloroethylene (TCE) dechlorination without causing acidification.
- TCE removal after ECO addition is due to adsorption and reductive dechlorination mechanisms.
Graphical Abstract
ECO addition could cleanup TCE-contaminated groundwater via adsorption and anaerobic dechlorination mechanisms.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Supporting Information
| Filename | Description |
|---|---|
| wer1673-sup-0001-Supplementary Materials.docxWord 2007 document , 185.2 KB |
Table S1. Properties of the soils and groundwater used in this study. Table S2. Components of five groups of microcosms. Table S3. Similarity between the nucleotide sequences of 16S rDNA of 31 specific bacteria in microcosm samples collected on Day 95 and the GenBank database. Table S4. Functions of the identified bacteria in microcosm samples. Figure S1. DGGE patterns of the PCR-amplified 16S rDNA for soils collected from LC, ES, ECON, and ECO groups of microcosms on Days 5 and 95. |
Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
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