Organic coatings on metal plates are commonly used in the post-treatment of superhydrophobic surfaces to improve their steam condensation heat transfer. However, this causes environmental pollution, low thermal conductivity, and delamination. To avoid these drawbacks, laser texturing technology assisted by green post-treatment (heat treatment) is introduced for stainless steel surfaces in the present study. In particular, a stable periodic dual-scale micro-/nanostructure on SUS 304 stainless steel surface is obtained by nanosecond laser micro-/nanotexturing. The microstructures and chemical compositions of the laser-textured surfaces with and without heat treatment are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, an energy-dispersive spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The formation of low-energy nanoburr oxides on the heat-treated surface is found to lead to intensive nucleation and growth of condensation droplets. Furthermore, the measured steam condensation heat transfer coefficient of the textured steel surface after heat treatment is about 1.83 times that of the original sample. Thus, the method proposed herein provides a promising green solution based on laser texturing to improve surface heat transfer without any chemical processing.