RESEARCH ARTICLE
Influence of pretreatment conditions on the catalytic behavior and structure of Fe-Co-Mn/MgO FTS nanocatalyst: Modeling and optimization using RSM
Maryam Arsalanfar,
Corresponding Author
Maryam Arsalanfar
Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Maryam Arsalanfar, Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorMaryam Arsalanfar,
Corresponding Author
Maryam Arsalanfar
Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Maryam Arsalanfar, Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran.
Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSummary
A co-precipitation procedure was employed for the preparation of supported Fe-Co-Mn oxide nanocatalysts. The prepared samples were evaluated for the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide to produce light olefins. After determining the optimum reductant agent type the influence of the other pretreatment factors including both reduction temperature and time, and the optimum flow of reductant agent was studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The modeling process for the selected responses was performed followed by the optimization of reduction parameters was also carried out using the RSM method and historical data design type of DOE. It was found that the pretreatment conditions greatly affect the catalytic performance. The optimization results show that H2 reductant agent with the reduction temperature of 399°C, reduction time of 12 hours, and H2 reductant agent flow of 37.52 mL/min are the best pretreatment conditions for achieving the highest catalyst activity and selectivity toward light olefins and lower selectivity toward methane concurrently. The structural properties of prepared specimens were characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, TGA, DSC, SEM, EDS, and BET. The characterization results reveal that the structural characteristics of the samples were changed under various pretreatment conditions.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
- 1Zeng B, Hou B, Jia LT, et al. The intrinsic effects of shell thickness on the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis over core–shell structured catalysts. Catal Sci Technol. 2013; 3: 3250-3255.
- 2Scalbert J, Clémençon I, Lecour P, Braconnier L, Diehl F, Legens C. Simultaneous investigation of the structure and surface of a Co/alumina catalyst during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: discrimination of various phenomena with beneficial or disadvantageous impact on activity. Catal Sci Technol. 2015; 5: 4193-4201.
- 3Wang X, Economides M. Advanced Natural Gas Engineering. Netherlands: Elsevier; 2013.
- 4Mahmoudi H, Mahmoudi M, Doustdar O, et al. A review of Fischer Tropsch synthesis process, mechanism, surface chemistry and catalyst formulation. Biofuels Eng. 2017; 2: 11-31.
10.1515/bfuel-2017-0002 Google Scholar
- 5Yahyazadeh A, Dalai AK, Ma W, Zhang L. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis for light olefins from syngas: a review of catalyst development. Reactions. 2021; 2: 227-257.
10.3390/reactions2030015 Google Scholar
- 6Alotaibi FM, Gonzalez-Cortes S, Alotibi MF, et al. Enhancing the production of light olefins from heavy crude oils: turning challenges into opportunities. Catal Today. 2018; 317: 86-98.
- 7van der Laan GP, Beenackers AA. Hydrocarbon selectivity model for the gas–solid Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on precipitated iron catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res. 1999; 38: 1277-1290.
- 8Arsalanfar M, Mirzaei AA, Bozorgzade HR, Samimi A. A review of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on the cobalt based catalysts. Phys Chem Res. 2014; 2: 179-201.
- 9Liu Y, Teng BT, Guo XH, et al. Effect of reaction conditions on the catalytic performance of Fe–Mn catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2007; 272: 182-190.
- 10Yan S, Qu-Wen S, Fan-Kai J, Ji-Sen L, Zong-Sen Z. Effect of calcination and reduction temperatures on the performance of Co-Pt-Zro2/Y-AL2O3 catalysts for FTS. J Fuel Chem Technol. 2012; 40: 54-58.
10.1016/S1872-5813(12)60007-3 Google Scholar
- 11Cano LA, Cagnoli MV, Bengoa JF, Alvarez AM, Marchetti SG. Effect of the activation atmosphere on the activity of Fe catalysts supported on SBA-15 in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. J Catal. 2011; 278: 310-320.
- 12Zhendong P, Bukur DB. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on Co/ZnO catalyst—effect of pretreatment procedure. Appl Catal A: Gen. 2011; 404: 74-80.
- 13Girardon J-S, Lermontov AS, Gengembre L, Chernavskii PA, Griboval-Constant A, Khodakov AY. Effect of cobalt precursor and pretreatment conditions on the structure and catalytic performance of cobalt silica-supported Fischer–Tropsch catalysts. J Catal. 2005; 230: 339-352.
- 14Shiba NC, Liu X, Hildebrandt D, Yao Y. Effect of pre-treatment conditions on the activity and selectivity of cobalt-based catalysts for CO hydrogenation. Reactions. 2021; 2: 258-274.
10.3390/reactions2030016 Google Scholar
- 15Li J, Xu L, Keogh R, Davis B. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Effect of CO pretreatment on a ruthenium promoted Co/TiO2. Catal Lett. 2000; 70: 127-130.
- 16Bian G, Oonuki A, Koizumi N, Nomoto H, Yamada M. Studies with a precipitated iron Fischer–Tropsch catalyst reduced by H2 or CO. J Mol Catal A. 2002; 186(1–2): 203-213.
- 17O'Brien RJ, Xu L, Spicer RL, Bao S, Milburn DR, Davis BH. Activity and selectivity of precipitated iron Fischer–Tropsch catalysts. Catal. Today. 1997; 36(3): 325-334.
- 18Soled S, Iglesla E, Fiato RA. Activity and selectivity control in iron catalyzed Fischer–Tropsch synthesis the influence of iron catalyst phase on slurry Fischer–Tropsch reaction pathways; selective synthesis of alpha-olefins. Catal Lett. 1990; 7(1–4): 271-280.
- 19Arsalanfar M, Mirzaei AA, Bozorgzadeh HR. Effect of preparation method on catalytic performance, structure and surface reaction rates of MgO supported Fe–Co–Mn catalyst for CO hydrogenation. J Ind Eng Chem. 2013; 19: 478-487.
- 20Arsalanfar M, Mirzaei AA, Bozorgzadeh HR, Atashi H. Effect of process conditions on the surface reaction rates and catalytic performance of MgO supported Fe–Co–Mn catalyst for CO hydrogenation. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2012; 18: 2092-2102.
- 21Arsalanfar M, Mirzaei AA, Bozorgzadeh HR, Samimi A, Ghobadi R. Effect of support and promoter on the catalytic performance and structural properties of the Fe–Co–Mn catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2014; 20: 1313-1323.
- 22Abdouss M, Arsalanfar M, Mirzaei N, Zamani Y. Effect of drying conditions on the catalytic performance, structure, and reaction rates over the Fe-Co-Mn/MgO catalyst for production of light olefins. Bull Chem React Eng Catal. 2018; 13: 97-112.
- 23Arsalanfar M, Mirzaei AA, Bozorgzadeh HR. Effect of calcination conditions on the structure and catalytic performance of MgO supported Fe-Co-Mn catalyst for CO hydrogenation. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2012; 6: 1-13.
- 24Arsalanfar M, Mirzaei AA, Atashi H, Bozorgzadeh HR, Vahid S, Zare A. An investigation of the kinetics and mechanism of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on Fe-Co-Mn supported catalyst. Fuel Process Technol. 2012; 96: 150-159.
- 25Mirzaei AA, Pourdolat A, Arsalanfar M, Atashi H, Samimi AR. Kinetic study of CO hydrogenation on the MgO supported Fe-Co-Mn sol–gel catalyst. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2013; 19: 1144-1152.
- 26Chollom MN, Rathilal S, Swalaha FM, Bakare BF, Tetteh EK. Comparison of response surface methods for the optimization of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket for the treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater. Environ Eng Res. 2020; 25(1): 114-122.
- 27Mirzaei AA, Rezazadeh E, Arsalanfar M, Abdouss M, Fatemi M, Sahebi M. Study on the reaction mechanism and kinetics of CO hydrogenation on a fused Fe-Mn catalyst. RSC Adv. 2015; 5: 95287-95299.
- 28Rathousky J, Zukal A, Lapidus A, Krylova A. Hydrocarbon synthesis from carbon monoxide + hydrogen on impregnated cobalt catalysts: Part III. Cobalt (10%)/silica-alumina catalysts. Appl Catal A: Gen. 1991; 79(2): 167-180.
- 29Lapidus A, Krylova A, Rathousky J, Jancakova M. Hydrocarbon synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen on impregnated cobalt catalysts II: Activity of 10% Co/Al2O3 and 10% Co/SiO2 catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Appl Catal A: Gen. 1992; 80: 1-11.
- 30Belambe AR, Onkaci R, Goodwin JD Jr. Effect of pretreatment on the activity of a Ru-promoted Co/Al2O3 Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. J Catal. 1997; 166: 8-15.
- 31Pan Z, Bukur DB. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on co/ZnO catalyst—effect of pretreatment procedure. Appl Catal A. 2011; 404(1–2): 74-80.
- 32Xu J, Bartholomew CH, Sudweeks J, Eggett DL. Design, synthesis, and catalytic properties of silica-supported, Pt-promoted iron Fischer Tropsch catalysts. Top Catal. 2003; 26: 55-71.
- 33Niu L, Liu X, Wen X, Yang Y, Xu J, Li Y. Effect of potassium promoter on phase transformation during H2 pretreatment of a Fe2O3 Fischer Tropsch synthesis catalyst precursor. Catal. Today. 2020; 343: 101-111.
- 34Shroff MD, Kalakkad DS, Coulter KE, et al. Activation of precipitated iron Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts. J Catal. 1995; 156: 185-207.
- 35Ning W, Koizumi N, Chang H, Mochizuki T, Itoh T, Yamada M. Phase transformation of unpromoted and promoted Fe catalysts and the formation of carbonaceous compounds during Fischer– Tropsch synthesis reaction. Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 2006; 312: 35-44.
- 36Ameen A, Mondal S, Pudi SM, Pandhare NN, Biswas P. Liquid phase hydrogenolysis of glycerol over highly active 50%Cu–Zn(8:2)/MgO catalyst: reaction parameter optimization by using response surface methodology. Energy Fuels. 2017; 31: 8521-8533.
- 37Nourafkan E, Gao H, Hu Z, Wen D. Formulation optimization of reverse microemulsions using design of experiments for nanoparticles synthesis. Chem Eng Res Des. 2017; 125: 367-384.
- 38Arsalanfar M, Akbari M, Mirzaei N, Abdouss M. Light olefin production on the Co-Ni catalyst: calcination conditions, and modeling and optimization of the process conditions by a statistical method. New J Chem. 2020; 44: 7467-7483.
- 39Arsalanfar M, Nouri A, Abdouss M. Investigation of the influence of process conditions on the catalytic performance of Co–Ce/SiO2 catalyst for CO hydrogenation reaction using RSM method. ChemistrySelect. 2019; 4: 10632-10638.
- 40Arsalanfar M. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis over the Fe–Mn/Al2O3 catalyst: modeling and optimization of light olefins using the RSM method. New J Chem. 2020; 44: 18457-18468.
- 41Myers RH, Khuri AI, Carter WH. Response surface methodology: 1966-l988. Technometrics. 1989; 31: 137-157.
- 42Azizi HR, Mirzaei AA, Kaykhaii M, Mansouri M. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: studies effect of reduction variables on the performance of Fe-Ni-Co catalyst. J Nat Gas Sci Eng. 2014; 18: 484-491.
- 43Dai X, Yu C. Effects of pretreatment and reduction on the Co/Al2O3 catalyst for CO hydrogenation. J Nat Gas Chem. 2008; 17: 288-292.
- 44Jacobs G, Yaying Y, Davis BH, Cronauer D, Kropf J, Marshall CL. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: temperature programmed EXAFS/XANES investigation of the influence of support type, cobalt loading, and noble metal promoter addition to the reduction behavior of cobalt oxide particles. Appl Catal A: Gen. 2007; 333: 177-191.
- 45Jozwiak WK, Kaczmarek E, Maniecki TP, Ignaczak W, Maniukiewicz W. Reduction behavior of iron oxides in hydrogen and carbon monoxide atmospheres. Appl Catal A: Gen. 2007; 326: 17-27.
- 46Li J, Wu L, Zhang S, et al. The promotional effect of Mn on Fe-based Fischer–Tropsch catalysts for the synthesis of C5+ hydrocarbons. Sustain Energy Fuels. 2019; 3: 219-226.
- 47Galarrage CE. Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Middle Distillate Hydrocarbons [M.Sc. thesis]. University of Western Ontario, London; 1998.
- 48Naik SR, Salker AV. Change in the magnetostructural properties of rare earth doped cobalt ferrites relative to the magnetic anisotropy. J Mater Chem. 2012; 22: 2740-2750.
- 49Yamashita T, Hayes P. Analysis of XPS spectra of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in oxide materials. Appl Surf Sci. 2008; 254: 2441-2449.
- 50Tian Q, Wang X, Huang G, Guo X. Nanostructured (Co, Mn)3O4 for high capacitive supercapacitor applications. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2017; 12: 214-220.
- 51Bag S, Roy K, Gopinath CS, Retna Raj C. Facile single-step synthesis of nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide-Mn3O4 hybrid functional material for the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2014; 6: 2692-2699.
