Clinical impact of tumor location on the colon cancer survival and recurrence: analyses of pooled data from three large phase III randomized clinical trials
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were affected by the tumor location in patients who underwent curative resection for colon cancer in a pooled analysis of three large phase III studies performed in Japan. In total, 4029 patients were included in the present study. Patients were classified as having right-side colon cancer (RC) if the primary tumor was located in the cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure or transverse colon, and left-side colon cancer (LCC) if the tumor site was within the splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon or recto sigmoid junction. The risk factors for the OS and DFS were analyzed. In the present study, 1449 patients were RC, and 2580 were LCC. The OS rates at 3 and 5 years after surgery were 87.6% and 81.6% in the RC group and 91.5% and 84.5% in the LCC group, respectively. Uni- and multivariate analyses showed that RRC increased the risk of death by 19.7% (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.197; 95% confidence interval, 1.020–1.408; P = 0.0272). In contrast, the DFS was similar between the two locations. The present study confirmed that the tumor location was a risk factor for the OS in patients who underwent curative treatment for colon cancer. Tumor location may, therefore, need to be considered a stratification factor in future phase III trials of colon cancer.
Introduction
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second most in females, with an estimated 1.4 million new cases and 693,900 deaths occurring in 2012 1. Complete resection is essential for a cure; however, while the resection rate has gradually increased, some patients experience recurrence even after curative surgery. Once recurrence has developed, the prognosis is poor 2-4. Therefore, it is important to determine reliable risk factors in order to identify patients at high risk of recurrence.
Bufill et al. originally proposed that right-side colon cancer (RC) and left-side colon cancer (LCC) might present via distinct biological pathways 5. It has been known for many years that RC and LCC represent distinct entities, with differences in epidemiology, biology, pathology, and clinical outcomes. Recently, the association between the tumor location and the prognosis has been explored in the metastatic setting 6-8. However, these studies focused on the treatment effect or response to chemotherapy, especially in terms of molecular targeting agents. Therefore, whether or not the tumor location can function as an important additional risk factor for patients and clinicians in daily practice and as a relevant stratification factor for clinical trials in an adjuvant setting remains unclear. Furthermore, most previous studies have evaluated retrospectively collected data from relatively small sample sizes from a single institution. Retrospective studies have many limitations, such as unspecified indications of surgery, heterogeneous populations, and heterogeneous treatments. To overcome these limitations associated with retrospective studies, we focused on cases that had been enrolled in large, randomized clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy by pooling individual patients' data 9-11.
The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were affected by the tumor location in patients who underwent curative resection for colon cancer in a pooled analysis of three large phase III studies performed in Japan. These findings should help confirm the influence of the tumor location on the survival of colon cancer patients scheduled to undergo curative surgical resection.
Patients and Methods
Patients
The data and outcomes of patients enrolled in three phase III trials of Japanese Foundation for Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer (JFMC) studies (7, 15, and 33) were pooled 9-11.
JFMC trials in the pooled analysis
JFMC 7 and 15
These two randomized trials were relatively large-scale trials conducted in Japan that focused on the long-term utilization of oral 5-fluorouracil (FU) as adjuvant chemotherapy for colon or rectal cancer and compared the OS with the surgery-alone arm or with one of the treatment arms. The basic study designs of these trials were very similar and included the following key eligibility criteria: stage of cancer, stage II, and III using AJCC/UICC 12 (originally described as macroscopic Dukes' B and C); age, <75 years; no severe complications; follow-up period, 5 years. The main adjuvant chemotherapy was the 1-year administration of oral 5-FUs (JFMC7-1: 200 mg/day 5-FU; JFMC7-2 and JFMC15:300 mg/day 1-hexycarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil [carmofur, HCFU]). HCFU is an oral fluorinated pyrimidine developed as a 5-FU lipophilic masked compound. All eligible patients were the target analysis set for the statistical analysis, totaling 3394 for the JFMC 7 trial between February 1986 and December 1988 and 2315 for the JFMC 15 trial between January 1989 and December 1990. The details of the protocol and primary analyses of JFMC 7 and 15 were reported previously.
Jfmc 33
This phase III trial randomly assigned 1071 eligible patients from 2005 to 2007 at 233 centers to receive tegafur (UFT, 300 mg/m2 per day as tegafur)/leucovorin (LV, 75 mg/day) for 28 of 35 days for 6 months in the control group or for five consecutive days per week for 18 months. Patients with curatively resected stage IIB/III colon cancer were eligible for enrollment in this trial. The primary endpoint was the OS. The details and primary analyses of JFMC 33 were reported previously.
In our pooled analysis, the eligible patients were those who had stage I/II/III colorectal cancer and underwent over D2 lymph node dissection. Thus, 754 and 496 patients were excluded from the intention-to-treat (ITT) cohort of the JFMC 7 and 15 studies, respectively. In total, 4029 patients were included in the present analysis. Among them, 846 patients received 5-FU, 845 patients received 1-hexycarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil, and 1070 patients received tegafur and leucovorin as adjuvant therapy. According to the NCCN guideline for stage III and high-risk stage II (UICC classification) colon cancer was recommended to receive the 5-FU based adjuvant treatment after curative surgery. Considering these, 68.5% of the patients were patients received the appropriate and recommended adjuvant therapy in the present study.
RC versus LCC
Patients were classified as having RC if the primary tumor was located in the cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, or transverse colon, and LCC if the tumor site was within the splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, or recto sigmoid junction. Patients with primary rectal tumors and those whose primary tumor site could not be determined based on the provided information were excluded.
Follow-up
Patients were followed-up according to the protocol of each study. Briefly, during protocol treatment, clinical findings, and laboratory data were evaluated every two weeks. After completion of the protocol treatment, patients were followed-up according to a predefined surveillance schedule until recurrence or death was confirmed for 5 years after surgery. Recurrence was assessed based on computed tomography (CT) scans. These tests were carried out every 4 months during the first 2 years after surgery and once every 6 months from the third year onward.
Evaluations and statistical analyses
The background characteristics of postoperative clinical and pathological parameters between the RC group and the LCC group were compared using the Mann–Whitney test or χ2 test. The OS was defined as the period between surgery and any cause of death. The DFS was defined as the period between surgery and the occurrence of recurrence, second cancer, or death, whichever came first. The data for patients who had not experienced an event were censored as of the date of the final observation. The OS and DFS curves were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to perform the univariate and multivariate survival analyses. In the multivariate analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy, age, gender, tumor diameter, tumor location, T category, lymph node metastases, stage, lymphadenectomy, and histology were considered as confounders based on a priori knowledge. A value of two-sided P < 0.05 was defined as being statistically significant. The SAS version 9.4 software program (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used for all statistical analyses. We revised and transformed to current staging terminology using AJCC/UICC TNM staging system 12. Moreover, in the present study, the histological parameters were evaluated on H&E-stained slides by pathologists of each institution in a blinded manner. Mucinous adenocarcinoma is diagnosed as colon cancer in which >50% of the tumor is composed of mucin. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma is diagnosed according to the World Health Organization (2000) classification as tumors with glandular structures comprising 5–50% of the tumor 13-15. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Japanese Foundation for Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer.
Results
Patients
The data of 4029 individual patients were evaluated in this study. The patients' ages ranged from 23 to 75 years (median: 61 years); 2176 patients were male, and 1853 were female. The median follow-up period was 5 years. Patients' demographics and clinical characteristics are summarized (Table 1). On comparing RC and LCC, there were significant differences observed in age, gender, tumor diameter, UICC T category, lymph node dissection, and histology status. Patients with RC were significantly older, predominantly women, and had a larger tumor diameter and a higher proportion of poorly differentiated type and mucinous type disease than those with LCC.
| Factors | All cases (n = 4029) | Right-side colon cancer group (n = 1449) | Left-side colon cancer group (n = 2580) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | (%) | Number | (%) | Number | (%) | ||
| Gender | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Male | 2176 | 54.0 | 706 | 48.7 | 1470 | 57.0 | |
| Female | 1853 | 46.0 | 743 | 51.3 | 1110 | 43.0 | |
| Age (years) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Median | 61 years (23–75) | 62 years (23–75) | 60 years (24–75) | ||||
| Diameter of tumor (mm) | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Median | 50 mm (10–280) | 55 mm (10–155) | 49 mm (10–280) | ||||
| Histology | <0.0001 | ||||||
| Well-moderately differentiated | 3795 | 94.2 | 1293 | 89.2 | 2502 | 97.0 | |
| Poorly differentiated | 177 | 2.9 | 82 | 5.7 | 35 | 1.4 | |
| Muc | 117 | 2.9 | 74 | 5.1 | 43 | 1.7 | |
| UICC T status | 0.0077 | ||||||
| T1–T3 | 2912 | 72.3 | 1008 | 69.6 | 1904 | 73.8 | |
| T4 | 1102 | 27.4 | 433 | 29.9 | 669 | 25.9 | |
| Missing | 15 | 0.3 | 8 | 0.5 | 7 | 0.3 | |
| LN node metastases | 0.2587 | ||||||
| Negative | 2157 | 53.5 | 762 | 52.6 | 1395 | 54.1 | |
| Positive | 1857 | 46.1 | 679 | 46.9 | 1178 | 45.6 | |
| Missing | 15 | 0.4 | 8 | 0.5 | 7 | 0.3 | |
| Lymph node dissection | 0.0009 | ||||||
| D2 | 1526 | 37.9 | 500 | 34.5 | 1026 | 39.8 | |
| D3 | 2497 | 62.0 | 945 | 65.2 | 1552 | 60.1 | |
| Missing | 6 | 0.1 | 4 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.1 | |
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | 0.0899 | ||||||
| Yes | 2761 | 68.5 | 1017 | 70.2 | 1744 | 67.6 | |
| No | 1268 | 31.5 | 432 | 29.8 | 836 | 32.4 | |
- UICC, Union for International Cancer Control; LN, lymph node.
Survival analyses
The OS rates at 3 and 5 years after surgery were 87.6% and 81.6% in the RC group and 91.5% and 84.5% in the LCC group, respectively; these values were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.009). The OS curves are shown in Figure 1. In the univariate analysis, age, postoperative complication, gender, tumor diameter, tumor location, the T category, N category, lymphadenectomy, and use of adjuvant chemotherapy were all found to be significantly associated with the OS. The multivariate analysis showed that RC increased the risk of death by 19.7% (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.197; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.020–1.405; P = 0.0272; Table 2).
| Factors | Number | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Age (years) | 0.0068 | 0.0031 | |||||
| –<60 | 1785 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 60≦– | 2244 | 1.241 | 1.061–1.451 | 1.271 | 1.084–1.491 | ||
| Gender | 0.1209 | 0.1216 | |||||
| Female | 1853 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Male | 2176 | 1.130 | 0.968–1.319 | 1.132 | 0.968–1.323 | ||
| Tumor diameter (mm) | 0.0180 | 0.0272 | |||||
| –<50 | 1811 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 50≦– | 2211 | 1.207 | 1.033–1.410 | 1.199 | 1.020–1.408 | ||
| Tumor location | 0.0124 | 0.0272 | |||||
| Left side colon | 2580 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Right side colon | 1449 | 1.220 | 1.044–1.427 | 1.197 | 1.020–1.405 | ||
| UICC T category | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| T1–T3 | 2912 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| T4 | 1102 | 1.589 | 1.355–1.863 | 1.578 | 1.337–1.861 | ||
| Lymph node metastases | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Negative | 2157 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Positive | 1857 | 1.970 | 1.683–2.305 | 2.520 | 2.128–2.983 | ||
| Surgical Complication | 0.0117 | 0.0206 | |||||
| No | 3610 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 419 | 1.341 | 1.067–1.684 | 1.313 | 1.043–1.653 | ||
| Lymph node dissection | 0.0074 | 0.0133 | |||||
| D3 | 2497 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| D2 | 1526 | 1.236 | 1.058–1.442 | 1.220 | 1.042–1.429 | ||
| Adjuvant treatment | |||||||
| Surgery alone | 1268 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 5-FU | 846 | 0.890 | 0.736–1.075 | 0.2256 | 0.883 | 0.714–1.092 | 0.2518 |
| HCFU | 845 | 0.881 | 0.728–1.065 | 0.1905 | 1.005 | 0.809–1.248 | 0.9639 |
| UFT/LV | 1070 | 0.822 | 0.696–0.969 | 0.0203 | 0.526 | 0.422–0.656 | <0.001 |
- UICC, Union for International Cancer Control; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; HCFU, 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil; UFT/LV, Tegafur/Uracil/leucovorin.
The DFS rates at 3 and 5 years after surgery were 79.8% and 76.7% in the RC group and 82.0% and 77.6% in the LCC group, respectively. The DFS was similar between the two groups (P = 0.3500). The DFS curves are shown in Figure 2. In contrast to the OS, the tumor location was not found to be significantly associated with the DFS in either uni- or multivariate analyses (Table 3).
| Factors | Number | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | ||
| Age (years) | 0.0140 | 0.0385 | |||||
| –<60 | 1785 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 60≦– | 2244 | 1.181 | 1.034–1.348 | 1.154 | 1.008–1.321 | ||
| Gender | 0.0095 | 0.0069 | |||||
| Female | 1853 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Male | 2176 | 1.191 | 1.044–1.359 | 1.202 | 1.052–1.374 | ||
| Tumor diameter (mm) | 0.6115 | 0.2107 | |||||
| –<50 | 1811 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 50≦– | 2211 | 1.035 | 0.907–1.180 | 1.091 | 0.952–1.250 | ||
| Tumor location | 0.3734 | 0.4919 | |||||
| Left side colon | 2580 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Right side colon | 1449 | 1.063 | 0.929–1.217 | 1.050 | 0.914–1.205 | ||
| UICC T category | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| T1–T3 | 2912 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| T4 | 1102 | 1.616 | 1.411–1.850 | 1.605 | 1.395–1.848 | ||
| Lymph node metastases | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
| Negative | 2157 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Positive | 1857 | 2.249 | 1.964–2.575 | 2.462 | 2.124–2.853 | ||
| Surgical Complication | 0.0260 | 0.0159 | |||||
| No | 3610 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| Yes | 419 | 1.254 | 1.027–1.531 | 1.282 | 1.047–1.568 | ||
| Lymph node dissection | 0.0346 | 0.0089 | |||||
| D3 | 2497 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| D2 | 1526 | 1.154 | 1.010–1.317 | 1.198 | 1.046–1.371 | ||
| Adjuvant chemotherapy | |||||||
| Surgery alone | 1268 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
| 5-FU | 846 | 0.925 | 0.748–1.143 | 0.4688 | 0.845 | 0.699–1.022 | 0.0833 |
| HCFU | 845 | 0.928 | 0.750–1.148 | 0.4889 | 0.967 | 0.797–1.174 | 0.7367 |
| UFT/LV | 1070 | 0.822 | 0.670–1.008 | 0.0597 | 0.799 | 0.667–0.956 | 0.0143 |
- UICC, Union for International Cancer Control; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; HCFU, 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil; UFT/LV, Tegafur/Uracil/leucovorin.
Subgroup analysis
Subgroup analyses were performed according to the UICC T stage and N stage. In patients who were T1–T3, the adjusted hazard ratio of the tumor location for the OS and DFS was 1.049 (95% CI, 0.853–1.289) and 0.951 (95% CI, 0.796–1.136), respectively. In patients who were T4, the adjusted hazard ratio of the tumor location for the OS and DFS was 1.405 (95% CI, 1.079–1.830) and 1.204 (95% CI, 0.960–1.510), respectively. In patients who were lymph node metastasis-negative, the adjusted hazard ratio of the tumor location for the OS and DFS was 1.179 (95% CI, 0.909–1.529) and 1.159 (95% CI, 0.917–1.465), respectively. In patients were lymph node metastasis positive, the adjusted hazard ratio of the tumor location for the OS and DFS was 1.196 (95% CI, 0.972–1.472) and 1.067 (95% CI, 0.896–1.272), respectively.
Subgroup analyses were also performed according to the type of treatment after surgery. In patients randomized to the surgery-alone group, the adjusted hazard ratio of the tumor location for the OS and DFS was 1.035 (95% CI, 0.777–1.378) and 0.864 (95% CI, 0.666–1.120), respectively. In patients randomized to the adjuvant chemotherapy group, the adjusted hazard ratio of the tumor location for the OS and DFS was 1.243 (95% CI, 1.022–1.513) and 1.126 (95% CI, 0.955–1.329), respectively. Moreover, the adjusted hazard ratio of the tumor location for the OS and DFS was 1.323 (95% CI, 0.936–1.869) and 1.341 (95% CI, 0.960–1.798) in 5-FU, 0.874 (95% CI, 0.599–1.274) and 0.799 (95% CI, 0.567–1.126) in HCFU, and 1.645 (95% CI, 1.193–2.270) and 1.270 (95% CI, 0.996–1.619) in UFT/LV, respectively.
Discussion
The present study examined whether or not the tumor location was associated with a poorer OS and DFS after curative surgery for colon cancer in combined analyses of individual patients' data from the three large phase III studies evaluating the effects of adjuvant treatment. Our findings clearly indicated that the tumor location was a significant independent risk factor for the OS. Furthermore, we found a significant interaction between the tumor location and the OS in patients who had received adjuvant chemotherapy.
In the present study, the adjusted hazard ratio for the OS in RC compared to LCC was 1.197 (95% CI, 1.020–1.405). A similar hazard ratio and 95% CI were observed in previous large observational studies. Robert et al. examined 77978 colon cancer patients and found that RC was associated with a worse prognosis than LCC 16. The median survival for RC was 78 versus 89 months for LCC. In addition, RC was associated with a 5% increased mortality risk compared with LCC (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.07). Benedix et al. examined 17641 colon cancer patients and found that the 5-year OS rate was higher for patients with LCC (RC 67% vs. LCC 71%) 17. They also reported that the hazard ratio was 1.120 (95% CI, 1.018–1.226). The reason for the observed difference in the survival for subjects with RC versus LCC is unclear. One possible reason might be that RC is found more frequently in older people and is more likely to be poorly differentiated and mucinous 18, 19. These findings of characteristic differences between RC and LCC were also observed in the present study.
Another possible reason might be due to differences in the molecular biologic pattern between RC and LCC. RC and LCC show huge differences in their molecular and cellular features. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is more common on the right side. MSI may not only have “general” prognostic implications, it may also explain the interrelationship with treatment and prognosis and location 20. In addition, BRAF mutations are more common on the right side, which may also have affected the prognosis 21. On the other hands, LCC often shows chromosomal instability 22-24. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that LCC benefits more from cetuximab treatment than RC among KRAS wild-type cancers 25. In addition, advanced LCC shows a higher sensitivity to bevacizumab treatment than advanced RC 26, 27. The differences in the molecular biologic pattern, which affect the efficacy of treatment after recurrence, might affect the OS. However, we did not perform genomic analysis in the present study. Moreover, there is no inclusion of patients getting epidermal growth factor receptor or vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition in the patients who registered to the JFMC 7 and 15. On the other hands, there might be inclusion of patients getting epidermal growth factor receptor or vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition after recurrence in the patients who registered to the JFMC 33. However, we did not collect this information. Therefore, the present study could not show the relations and impacts between genomic difference and tumor location.
In contrast, the DFS did not differ significantly between RC and LCC. Similar trends were observed in previous reports 16, 17. Why there is an obvious difference between the OS and DFS between these two groups remains unclear and must be explored in future studies.
In the subgroup analyses, when the OS and DFS were analyzed with respect to the UICC T stage and N stage, there was no significant difference in either the OS or DFS. This is also consistent with the recently published results 16, 17. However, a significant interaction was observed between the tumor location and the OS in patients who had received adjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, marginal interactions were observed between the tumor location and the OS in each regimen. Therefore, the tumor location might influence the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy treatment, especially in patients receiving 5-FU-based chemotherapy. In contrast, although the OS was slightly worse in RC patients than in LCC patients, no significant interaction was observed between the tumor location and the OS in patients treated only with surgery. However, only 1268 patients received surgery alone. These marginal differences might become more important if the number of patients is increased.
The present study had much strength such as huge well-defined cohorts, long follow-up and individual patient's data. Moreover, 68.5% of the patients were patients received the appropriate and recommended adjuvant therapy in the present study. However, several limitations warrant mention. First, the patients in this cohort met the inclusion criteria of each clinical trial, which may have contained selection bias. Second, there was a time bias in this study, as the data were collected over a relatively long period from 1986 to 2007. The details of chemotherapies might have changed over such a long span of time. A further important limitation associated with all of the available data regarding tumor location, including the current study, is the lack of consensus regarding the appropriate cut-off point of the tumor location. In the present study, RC and LCC were not defined in the protocols of the three phase III studies; instead, RC and LCC were reported by the individual physicians and were not based on a specific protocol. This will likely strongly affect the utility of the tumor location as stratification factor in future clinical trials.
In conclusion, the present study confirmed that the tumor location was a risk factor for the OS in patients who underwent curative surgery for colon cancer. Tumor location may, therefore, be considered as a stratification factor in future phase III trials of colon cancer.
Acknowledgment
This study was supported, in part, by the nonprofit organization Epidemiological and Clinical Research Information Network (ECRIN).
Conflict of Interest
None declared.
