The Source of “Fairy Rings”: 2-Azahypoxanthine and its Metabolite Found in a Novel Purine Metabolic Pathway in Plants†
Dr. Jae-Hoon Choi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Toshiyuki Ohnishi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorYasuhiro Yamakawa
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorShogo Takeda
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorShuhei Sekiguchi
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorWaki Maruyama
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorKimiko Yamashita
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Tomohiro Suzuki
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Akio Morita
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Takashi Ikka
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Reiko Motohashi
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Yoshikazu Kiriiwa
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Hiroyuki Tobina
Center for Education and Research in Field Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 63 Kariyado, Fujieda 426-0001 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorTatsuo Asai
Center for Education and Research in Field Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 63 Kariyado, Fujieda 426-0001 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Shinji Tokuyama
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Hirofumi Hirai
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Nobuhiro Yasuda
Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Spring-8,1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Keiichi Noguchi
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Tomohiro Asakawa
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Shimpei Sugiyama
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Toshiyuki Kan
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Prof. Dr. Hirokazu Kawagishi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)Search for more papers by this authorDr. Jae-Hoon Choi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Toshiyuki Ohnishi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorYasuhiro Yamakawa
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorShogo Takeda
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorShuhei Sekiguchi
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorWaki Maruyama
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorKimiko Yamashita
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Tomohiro Suzuki
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Akio Morita
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Takashi Ikka
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Reiko Motohashi
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Yoshikazu Kiriiwa
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Hiroyuki Tobina
Center for Education and Research in Field Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 63 Kariyado, Fujieda 426-0001 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorTatsuo Asai
Center for Education and Research in Field Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 63 Kariyado, Fujieda 426-0001 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Shinji Tokuyama
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Hirofumi Hirai
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Nobuhiro Yasuda
Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Spring-8,1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Keiichi Noguchi
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Tomohiro Asakawa
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorDr. Shimpei Sugiyama
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorProf. Dr. Toshiyuki Kan
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 (Japan)
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Prof. Dr. Hirokazu Kawagishi
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Graduate School of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)
Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529 (Japan)Search for more papers by this authorWe thank V. K. Deo (Shizuoka University) for valuable discussions and Dr. Toshio Nakamura (Chlorella Industry Co., Ltd (Japan)) for kind distribution of Chlorella vulgaris and Parachlorella beijerinckii. This work was partially supported by the Programme for Promotion of Basic and Applied Researches for Innovations in Bio-oriented Industry, and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas “Chemical Biology of Natural Products” from MEXT.
Abstract
Rings or arcs of fungus-stimulated plant growth occur worldwide; these are commonly referred to as “fairy rings”. In 2010, we discovered 2-azahypoxanthine (AHX), a compound responsible for the fairy-ring phenomenon caused by fungus; AHX stimulated the growth of all the plants tested. Herein, we reveal the isolation and structure determination of a common metabolite of AHX in plants, 2-aza-8-oxohypoxanthine (AOH). AHX is chemically synthesized from 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA), and AHX can be converted into AOH by xanthine oxidase. AICA is one of the members of the purine metabolic pathway in animals, plants, and microorganisms. However, further metabolism of AICA remains elusive. Based on these results and facts, we hypothesized that plants themselves produce AHX and AOH through a pathway similar to the chemical synthesis. Herein, we demonstrate the existence of endogenous AHX and AOH and a novel purine pathway to produce them in plants.
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